The Impact of Endometritis on Reproductive Performance in Cattle: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/aru.2026.6.02.01Keywords:
Cattle, Diagnosis, Endometritis, Infection, Microbiome, UterineAbstract
Endometritis is a major postpartum serious uterine disorder in dairy and beef cattle that compromises reproductive performance. Endometritis is characterized by inflammation of the endometrial lining, which leads to delayed myometrial contraction, decreased conception rates, prolonged calving intervals, and higher culling rates, all of which adversely affect herd output and profitability. However, this review facilitates the understanding of etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, immune response, diagnosis, treatment, and methodologies to control endometritis. Meanwhile, endometritis is caused by polymicrobial infections; pathogens include Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Trueperella pyogenes, which directly suppress immunity and colonize the uterus. Both clinical and subclinical forms induce reproductive failures, with the subclinical form being more difficult to diagnose due to its asymptomatic nature. Early detection can be improved in diagnostics through the cytobrush-based cytology, ultrasonography, and microbial culture. Furthermore, treatment approaches include hormonal therapy, antibiotics, and alternatives involving phytochemicals, probiotics, and immunomodulators. This study aimed to identify control practices to maintain hygiene during calving, optimal nutritional support, and reduce predisposing factors. Current findings on the uterine microbiome and host genetic susceptibility suggest a new way to target the microbiome and prevention strategies based on selection. Moreover, accurate management and proper diagnosis and feasible therapies are mandatory to minimize the impact of endometritis and enhance fertility.
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