Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary Effects and Postoperative Analgesia of CRIs of Fentanyl Alone and Fentanyl, Lignocaine and Ketamine Combination (FLK) in Dogs Undergoing Unilateral Chain Mastectomy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.22.5.08Keywords:
Anaesthetic adjuncts, Continuous rate infusion, Dogs, Pain assessment, Unilateral chainAbstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate effects of continuous rate infusions (CRIs) of fentanyl alone and fentanyl, lignocaine and ketamine (FLK) combination in dogs undergoing unilateral chain mastectomy. Clinical cases (n=12) irrespective of age, breed and body weight were randomly divided into two groups of six animals each. All dogs were premedicated with diazepam and tramadol, induced with propofol and maintained under isoflurane anaesthesia. Group I received fentanyl CRI (5 µg/kg Loading dose [LD] & 10 µg/kg/h CRI), whereas Group II received a combination of fentanyl 5 µg/kg LD & 10 µg/kg/h CRI; lignocaine 2 mg/kg LD & 3 mg/kg/h CRI; ketamine 1 mg/kg LD & 0.5 mg/kg/h CRI. Physiological, cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic parameters were recorded. Blood gas analysis was done. Postoperative pain score was evaluated using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (SF CMPS). Heart rate (52.83±3.54 fentanyl & 68.00±4.58 FLK) and mean arterial pressure (51.67±4.01 fentanyl & 38.33±3.07 FLK) showed a significant decrease following CRI administration in both groups, while other parameters remained within acceptable physiological limits with inhalational anaesthetic sparing effect. Anaesthetic recovery was faster in Group I compared to Group II with mean time to standing 25.17±2.54 and 54.00±2.08 min, respectively. Postoperative pain assessment revealed superior analgesia in the Group II (0/6), with lower pain scores and reduced requirement for rescue analgesia compared to the Group I (3/6, 50%). The study concluded that the FLK combination provided superior postoperative analgesia with minimal cardiopulmonary compromise, making it an effective multimodal analgesic protocol.
Downloads
References
Cardozo, H. G., Monteiro, E. R., Correia, B. S., Ferronatto, J. V. B., Almeida-Filho, F. T., Alievi, M. M., & Valle, S. F. (2024). Influence of intravenous fentanyl or dexmedetomidine infusions, combined with lidocaine and ketamine, on cardiovascular response, sevoflurane requirement and postoperative pain in dogs anesthetized for unilateral mastectomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 51(4), 381–390.
Davis, C. A., Seddighi, R., Cox, S. K., Sun, X., Egger, C. M., & Doherty, T. J. (2017). Effect of fentanyl on the induction dose and minimum infusion rate of propofol preventing movement in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 44(4), 727–737.
de Moura, R. S., Bittar, I. P., Gomes, J. H., de Oliveira, Y. V. R., de Sousa Filho, G. D., de Faria Soares, G. C. F., & Franco, L. G. (2022). Plasma concentration, cardiorespiratory and analgesic effects of ketamine-fentanyl infusion in dogs submitted to mastectomy. BMC Veterinary Research, 18(1), 225.
Doherty, T., Redua, M. A., Queiroz-Castro, P., Egger, C., Cox, S. K., & Rohrbach, B. W. (2007). Effect of intravenous lidocaine and ketamine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in goats. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 34(2), 125–131.
Duke, T. (2013). Partial intravenous anaesthesia in cats and dogs. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 54(3), 276–279.
Gutierrez-Blanco, E., Victoria-Mora, J. M., Ibancovichi-Camarillo, J. A., Sauri-Arceo, C. H., Bolio-Gonzalez, M. E., Acevedo-Arcique, C. M., & Steagall, P. V. (2015). Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 42(3), 309–318.
Marques, É. J., Monteiro, E. R., Herrera-Becerra, J. R., Tomazeli, D., Rovaris, I. B., de Oliveira, T. F., & Alievi, M. M. (2023). Influence of constant rate infusions of fentanyl alone or in combination with lidocaine and ketamine on the response to surgery and postoperative pain in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy: A randomized clinical trial. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 52, 100759.
Misdorp, W. (2002). Tumours of the mammary gland. In Tumours in Domestic Animals (4th ed., pp. 575–606). Iowa State Press.
Muir, W. W., III, Wiese, A. J., & March, P. A. (2003). Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 64(9), 1155–1160.
Simões, C. R., Monteiro, E. R., Rangel, J. P., Nunes-Junior, J. S., & Campagnol, D. (2016). Effects of a prolonged infusion of fentanyl, with or without atropine, on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 43(2), 136–144.
Soares, P. C., Corrêa, J. M., Niella, R. V., de Oliveira, J. N., Costa, B. A., Silva Junior, A. C., & Lavor, M. S. (2021). Continuous infusion of ketamine and lidocaine either with or without maropitant as an adjuvant agent for analgesia in female dogs undergoing mastectomy. Veterinary Medicine International, 2021(1), 4747301.
Stratmann, N., Failing, K., Richter, A., & Wehrend, A. (2008). Mammary tumour recurrence in bitches after regional mastectomy. Veterinary Surgery, 37(1), 82–86.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
