Skip to content
Home▶ Journals▶ Indian Journal of Agroforestry▶Archive▶Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025)▶Variability, Association and Principal Component Analysis…
Indian Journal of Agroforestry ›
Print ISSN 0972-0715 · Online ISSN 2456-6489
Submit your paper About the journal
Articles

Variability, Association and Principal Component Analysis in Gmelina Arborea

, , , ,
K.T. Parthiban — Professor (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Forest Range Officer (T), Kanniyakumari Forest Division, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Nagercoil – 629001, Tamil Nadu; Senior Research Fellow, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Scientist (Agroforestry), ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RRS, Bikaner – 334 004, Rajasthan; Doctoral Research Scholar, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu
N. Krishnakumar — Professor (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Forest Range Officer (T), Kanniyakumari Forest Division, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Nagercoil – 629001, Tamil Nadu; Senior Research Fellow, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Scientist (Agroforestry), ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RRS, Bikaner – 334 004, Rajasthan; Doctoral Research Scholar, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu
S. Revathi — Professor (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Forest Range Officer (T), Kanniyakumari Forest Division, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Nagercoil – 629001, Tamil Nadu; Senior Research Fellow, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Scientist (Agroforestry), ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RRS, Bikaner – 334 004, Rajasthan; Doctoral Research Scholar, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu
V. Subbulakshmi — Professor (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Forest Range Officer (T), Kanniyakumari Forest Division, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Nagercoil – 629001, Tamil Nadu; Senior Research Fellow, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Scientist (Agroforestry), ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RRS, Bikaner – 334 004, Rajasthan; Doctoral Research Scholar, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu
R. Ashick Rajah — Professor (Forestry), Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Forest Range Officer (T), Kanniyakumari Forest Division, Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Nagercoil – 629001, Tamil Nadu; Senior Research Fellow, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu; Scientist (Agroforestry), ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RRS, Bikaner – 334 004, Rajasthan; Doctoral Research Scholar, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam – 641301, Tamil Nadu
Published 17 Oct 2026 Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025), pp. 79-90 ● Open access
❝ How to cite 🔗 https://doi.org/10.48165/ija.2025.27.02.10
Formats:Full text (HTML)JATS XMLPDF ● Open access
Download PDF

Abstract

%%TABLE%% ABSTRACT: Gmelina arborea is commonly known as gamhar belongs to the family lamiaceae is one of the important multipurpose and fast growing tree species highly amenable for multifarious industrial utility. However, this species received little research attention and hence a systematic tree improvement programme has been started with collection of 32 superior progenies from its natural and introduced ranges distributed in three southern states of India. The progeny evaluation test indicated that all progenies exhibited significant variation for height, clean bole height, girth at breast height, basal girth, volume and clean bole volume. Among 32 progenies evaluated, the superiority of progeny viz., FCRI GA 08 and FCRI GA 09 is very well witnessed due to higher growth attributes. The genetic analysis indicated that, phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the six traits. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for tree height and Girth at breast height. Basal girth showed positive correlation and direct effect on clean bole volume. The genetic diversity analysis resolved 32 progenies into six clusters and cluster I was largest with 17 progenies. Highest cluster mean for tree height, basal girth and volume was exhibited by cluster V and cluster VI for clean bole height, girth at breast height and clean bole volume. Maximum divergence was contributed by girth at breast height and clean bole volume. Six principal components were grouped in PCA in which PC 1 and PC 2 contributed 86.72% of total variability. In a holistic perspective, the study identified superiority of two progenies viz FCRI GA 08 and FCRI GA 09 for immediate adoption and revealed the existence of wide range of genetic diversity thus extends greater scope for future breeding programme in Gmelina arborea. %%ENDTABLE%%

KeywordsGmelina arboreaVariabilityHeritabilityAssociation studiesPrincipal ComponentAnalysis
  1. 1.Kumar, A., & Paramathma, M. (2005). Correlation and path coefficient studies in Casuarina equisetifolia L. Indian Forester, 131(1), 47–55.
  2. 2. Behera, L. K., Jha, S. K., Gunaga, R. P., Nayak, D., Tandel, M. B., & Jadeja, D. B. (2017). Genetic variability and correlation study for growth characters among clones of Eucalyptus. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 763–765.
  3. 3. Burton, G. W., & Devane, F. M. (1953). Estimating heritability in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from replicated clonal material. Agronomy Journal, 45(1), 478–431.
  4. 4. Deve, K. R. D., & Parthiban, K. T. (2014). Genetic diversity analysis in Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. clones. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 2(3), 254–259.
  5. 5. Foster, G. S., & Shah, D. V. (1988). Using clonal replicates to explore genetic variations in a perennial plant species. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 76, 788–794.
  6. 6. Goulden, C. H. (1952). Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika, 53, 325–338.
  7. 7. Krishnakumar, N., Parthiban, K. T., Jayamani, P., Revathi, R., & Umesh Kanna, S. (2017). Genetic variability among different progenies of Santalum album L. BIOINFOLET—A Quarterly Journal of Life Sciences, 14(1), 82–87.
  8. 8. Krishnakumar, N., Umesh Kanna, S., & Parthiban, K. T. (2019). Principal component analysis in biometric, pulp quality and anatomical properties of thornless bamboo (Bambusa balcooa). International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 9(6), 350–355.
  9. 9. Kumar, A. (2007). Growth performance and variability in different clones of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.). Silvae Genetica, 56(1), 32–36.
  10. 10. Kumar, R., & Bangarwa, K. S. (2010). Estimates of components of variance, heritability, genetic gain and correlation among morphological characters of Eucalyptus tereticornis clones. Indian Journal of Forestry, 33(2), 161–165.
  11. 11. Kumaran, K., Nesamani, K., & Rao, M. G. (2010). Correlation and path coefficient studies in Simarouba glauca DC. Indian Forester, 2, 322–330.
  12. 12. Libby, W. J. (1987). Genetic resources and variation in forest trees. In Improving vegetatively propagated crops (pp. 199–209). Academic Press.
  13. 13. Lokmal, N. (1994). Genetic parameters of Gmelina arborea: Height and diameter growth. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 7(2), 323–331.
  14. 14. Lush, K. I. (1940). Intrasite correlation and regression of spring on dams as a method of establishing heritability of characters. Proceedings of the American Society of Animal Production, 33, 293–301.
  15. 15. Reddy, M., & Subramanian, S. (1998). Correlation and path coefficient studies in sandal (Santalum album L.). Annals of Forestry, 6(1), 39–43.
  16. 16. Manojkumar. (1994). Genetic divergence, isozyme pattern and micropropagation studies in sandal (Santalum album L.) [Master’s thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University].
  17. 17. Meena, H., Kumar, A., Sharma, R., Chauhan, S. K., & Bhargava, K. M. (2014). Genetic variation for growth and yield parameters in half-sib progenies of Melia azedarach (Linn.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38, 531–539.
  18. 18. Mohammadi, S. A., & Prasanna, B. M. (2003). Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants: Salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science, 43(4), 1235–1248.
  19. 19. Otegbeye, G. O., & Samarawira, I. (1992). Correlations of growth and form characteristics of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. provenances in northern Nigeria. Forest Ecology and Management, 50(3–4), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90342-7
  20. 20. Pande, P. K., Kumar, A., Ravichandran, S., et al. (2013). Genetic analysis of growth and wood variations in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Journal of Forestry Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0343-z
  21. 21. Panse, V. G., & Sukhatme, P. V. (1978). Statistical methods for agricultural workers. ICAR.
  22. 22. Panse, V. G., & Sukhatme, P. V. (1967). Statistical methods for agricultural workers (2nd ed.). ICAR.
  23. 23. Paray, P. A., Gangoo, S. A., Masoodi, T. H., Qaiser, K. N., Islam, A. I., & Maqbool, S. (2017). Selection, variation and heritability of candidate plus trees (CPTs) of Salix alba. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 8(3), 779–786.
  24. 24. Parthiban, K. T., Krishnakumar, N., Karthick, M., & Thirumurugan, M. (2019). Improvement of toon (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) genetic resources through growth and evaluation. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 21(1), 60–68.
  25. 25. Parthiban, K. T., Krishnakumar, N., & Fernandaz, C. C. (2019). A manual on commercial forestry. Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.
  26. 26. Parthiban, K. T., Kanagaraj, N., Palanikumaran, B., & Krishnakumar, N. (2018). Development of DUS descriptor for Casuarina genetic resources. International Journal of Genetics, 10(1), 333–338.
  27. 27. Parthiban, K. T., Thirunirai-Selvan, R., Palanikumaran, B., & Krishnakumar, N. (2019). Variability and genetic diversity studies on Neolamarckia cadamba genetic resources. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 31(1), 90–98.
  28. 28. Parthiban, K. T. (2001). Seed source variations, molecular characterization and clonal propagation in teak, Tectona grandis Linn. f. [Doctoral dissertation, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University].
  29. 29. Pinyopusarerk, K., Williams, E. R., Luangviriyasaeng, V., & Puriyakorn, B. (1996). Geographic variation in growth and morphological traits of Casuarina equisetifolia. In Proceedings of the Third International Casuarina Workshop (pp. 143–151).
  30. 30. Chavan, S., & Keerthika, A. (2013). Genetic variability and association studies among morphological traits of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. genetic resources. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 1(8), 23–29.
  31. 31. Saravanan, V. (2012). Genetic evaluation and wood characterization of Melia dubia for pulp, anatomical, mechanical, and energy properties [Doctoral dissertation, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University].
  32. 32. Selvan, R. T., & Parthiban, K. T. (2018). Clonal evaluation and genetic divergence studies in Neolamarckia cadamba Roxb. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 9(2), 692–704.
  33. 33. Singh, N. B., & Chaudhary, V. K. (1992). Multivariate analysis of genetic divergence in wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca Linn.). Indian Journal of Forestry, 15(3), 211–216.
  34. 34. Snedecor, G. (1961). Statistical methods (5th ed.). Iowa State University Press.
  35. 35. Thakur, I. K., & Thakur, S. (2015). Principal component analysis of progenies of selected mother trees of drek (Melia azedarach) for quantitative traits. The Indian Forester, 141(8), 838–842.
  36. 36. Vennila, S. (2009). Pulpwood traits, genetic and molecular characterization of Eucalyptus genetic resources [Doctoral dissertation, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University].

Looking up citing articles…

    Copyright © 2026 Indian Journal of Agroforestry