The Journal of Plant Disease Sciences is the official publication of the Association of Plant Pathologists, housed within the Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.). The journal serves as a dedicated platform for publishing research in Mycology and Plant Pathology, adhering to the constitution and bylaws of the society. It features peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, and short communications covering various aspects of plant disease management, host-pathogen interactions, epidemiology, disease diagnostics, and sustainable agricultural practices. The journal primarily publishes work by association members but is open to contributions from the broader scientific community. Committed to maintaining high academic and ethical standards, the Journal of Plant Disease Sciences aims to advance scientific knowledge in plant pathology while supporting agricultural sustainability and crop protection. Indexing details: NAAS Score - 4.20, World Cat, WorldCat Discovery, Publons, Scilit, Google Scholar, Base Indexing, Ebsco, Wos-Applied, Cross ref, ICI, ASI
Resistance Evaluation Following Successive Passages on Thiophanate-Methyl Against Alternaria alternata
Grey mould of grape (Vitis vinifera L.), caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., is one of the most serious post-harvest diseases worldwide, causing 10–50% losses in grape production and storage. Effective management of the pathogen is essential for maintaining fruit quality, and systemic fungicides are widely used for its control. However, the continuous use of fungicides has resulted in the development of fungicide resistance in B. cinerea, reducing the effectiveness of chemical disease management. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the development of resistance to thiophanate-methyl in B. cinerea through successive passages and to assess strategies for its management using alternative fungicides. Infected grape fruits were collected from APMC markets and storage houses across Maharashtra, and twenty-five isolates of B. cinerea were obtained. The sensitivity of the isolates to thiophanate-methyl was assessed on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The sensitive isolate (Bc-19) was repeatedly cultured on PDA amended with a sub-lethal concentration of thiophanate-methyl (290.8 µg ml⁻¹). Plates without fungicide served as the control. A 5-mm mycelial disc from the previous passage was transferred to fresh fungicide-amended medium, and radial growth was recorded after eight days. Resistance development was monitored up to the sixth passage, and the percentage increase in mycelial growth over successive passages was used as an indicator of increased resistance. Additional fungicides were evaluated in combination with thiophanate-methyl to determine their effectiveness in managing resistance development.
In Vitro Evaluation of Fungicides and Biocontrol Agents Against Exserohilum monoceras Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Barnyard Millet
Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) is a highly nutritious and fast-growing cereal crop valued for its resilience, adaptability, and rich nutritional profile. It is particularly suitable for individuals with gluten intolerance and celiac disease, making it an important crop for sustainable agriculture and food security. However, its productivity is considerably constrained by several biotic stresses, among which leaf spot disease caused by Exserohilum monoceras is one of the most destructive. The present study investigated the cultural characteristics of E. monoceras and evaluated the efficacy of selected bioagents and fungicides against the pathogen under in vitro conditions. Among the solid media tested, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Czapek’s Dox Agar, and Oat Meal Agar supported the maximum radial growth of the fungus, followed by Yeast Extract Potato Agar, while Corn Meal Agar recorded the least fungal growth. Six bioagents were evaluated using the dual culture technique. Trichoderma harzianum proved to be the most effective antagonist, exhibiting 77.03% inhibition of mycelial growth, followed by Trichoderma viride with 71.50% inhibition. The efficacy of six fungicides was assessed using the poisoned food technique. All fungicides significantly inhibited the growth of E. monoceras. Among them, Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP and Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC were the most effective treatments, completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen under in vitro conditions.
POTANTIAL OF BIOAGENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SCLEROTIUM ROT OF FRENCH BEAN
Sclerotium rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, is a destructive soil-borne disease that severely limits French bean productivity, highlighting the need for ecologically safe and sustainable disease management strategies. The present study evaluated the efficacy of five bioagents—Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and a microbial consortium (Biomix)—under pot culture conditions using the sick soil technique. Captan 50% WP served as the chemical standard check. All bioagent treatments significantly improved seed germination (51.67–83.33%) compared with the untreated control (41.67%). Trichoderma harzianum recorded the highest seed germination (83.33%), followed by Bacillus subtilis, while Captan 50% WP achieved 61.67% germination. Pre-emergence seed rot (PRESR) was significantly reduced in all treatments (16.67–48.33%) compared with the control (58.33%), with T. harzianum showing the lowest incidence (16.67%), followed by B. subtilis (25.00%). Captan recorded 38.33% PRESR. Similarly, post-emergence seedling mortality (POESM) ranged from 13.33% to 33.33% among the bioagent treatments, compared with 40.00% in the untreated control. T. harzianum again proved most effective with the lowest POESM (13.33%), followed by B. subtilis (18.33%), whereas Captan recorded 28.33%. Overall mean mortality was lowest with T. harzianum (15.00%), while Captan (33.33%) performed better than T. asperellum and Biomix. The results demonstrate that T. harzianum and B. subtilis are highly effective, eco-friendly bioagents for suppressing Sclerotium rot and represent promising sustainable alternatives to chemical fungicides for the management of the disease in French bean cultivation.
FIELD EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST NECK BLAST OF RICE CAUSED BY CAVARA PYRICULARIA ORYZAE
Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara, is one of the most important fungal diseases of rice. Among the different phases of blast disease, neck blast is the most destructive and can cause grain yield losses ranging from 1.8% to 37.5%. The present investigation evaluated the efficacy of nine fungicides against neck blast under field conditions at the Agricultural Research Station, Nellore, during three consecutive crop seasons (2020–21 to 2022–23). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design. The fungicides tested were tebuconazole 25.9% EC @ 1.5 ml L⁻¹, kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC @ 1.0 ml L⁻¹, pyraclostrobin 100 g L⁻¹ CS @ 2.0 ml L⁻¹, picoxystrobin 22.52% SC @ 1.2 ml L⁻¹, kasugamycin 5% + copper oxychloride (COC) 45% WP @ 1.87 g L⁻¹, kresoxim-methyl 40% + hexaconazole 8% WG @ 1.0 ml L⁻¹, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.4 g L⁻¹, azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenoconazole 11.4% SC @ 1.0 ml L⁻¹, and isoprothiolane 40% EC @ 1.5 ml L⁻¹. Pooled analysis of three years' data revealed that tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.4 g L⁻¹ was the most effective treatment, recording the highest reduction in neck blast incidence (77.73%). Therefore, this fungicide combination is recommended for effective management of rice neck blast under field conditions.
EVALUATION OF NOVEL SEED DRESSING FUNGICIDES FOR MANAGING MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA INDUCED ROOT ROT IN GREEN GRAM
Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is an important pulse crop cultivated extensively in the arid and semi-arid tropics, where its productivity is frequently constrained by seed- and soil-borne fungal diseases. These pathogens adversely affect seed germination, seedling vigor, and plant establishment, resulting in significant yield losses. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify seed-borne fungal pathogens associated with green gram and to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicidal seed treatments under field conditions. Significant differences were observed among the seed treatments with respect to field emergence, seedling mortality, shoot length, root length, and dry matter production. All fungicidal seed treatments performed significantly better than the untreated control. Among the treatments, seed treatment with Penflufen + Trifloxystrobin @ 1 ml kg⁻¹ seed (T₁) proved to be the most effective, recording 88.25% field emergence, the lowest seedling mortality of 14.25%, 15.25%, and 17.25% at 15, 30, and 45 days after sowing (DAS), respectively, along with the highest shoot length (23.25 cm), root length (31.25 cm), and dry matter accumulation (7.00 g plant⁻¹) at 45 DAS. This was followed by seed treatment with Propiconazole 13.9% + Difenoconazole 13.9% EC @ 1 ml kg⁻¹ seed (T₃), which recorded 89.00% field emergence, seedling mortality of 18.75%, 21.75%, and 21.25% at 15, 30, and 45 DAS, respectively, and produced shoot length, root length, and dry matter of 17.75 cm, 29.50 cm, and 4.57 g plant⁻¹, respectively, at 45 DAS.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SCREENING OF VARIETIES AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW OF OKRA CAUSED BY DC ERYSIPHE CICHORACEARUM
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is an important vegetable crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its productivity is often constrained by several diseases, among which powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens. The present investigation was conducted to study the epidemiology of powdery mildew and to evaluate nineteen okra genotypes under natural epiphytotic conditions for their reaction against the disease. The incidence of powdery mildew showed a negative correlation with rainfall, minimum temperature, evening relative humidity, and evaporation, whereas morning relative humidity, sunshine hours, and wind speed exhibited a positive influence on disease development. The developed regression model can be utilized for predicting powdery mildew severity under prevailing environmental conditions. The multiple regression equation obtained was:Y = 38.438 − 0.062X₁ − 10.945X₂ + 8.049X₃ + 3.765X₄ − 3.180X₅ + 4.590X₆ + 2.368X₇ + 1.266X₈ (R² = 0.73),indicating a strong relationship between weather parameters and disease incidence. The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design, and disease severity was recorded at regular intervals using a 0–5 disease rating scale. Based on percent disease severity, the genotypes were categorized into different reaction groups. Four genotypes, namely NBH-45, Karishma, Laxmi, and Radhika, exhibited resistant reactions, while eight genotypes, including Siddhi, Arka Abhay, VRO-8, Parbhani Bhendi, OH-940, PBNOK-6, PBNOK-4, and Parbhani Kranti, were moderately resistant. Five genotypes showed moderately susceptible reactions, whereas Pusa Sawani and Pusa Makhamali were found to be susceptible. The identification of resistant and moderately resistant genotypes provides valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at developing powdery mildew-resistant okra varieties.
INVESTIGATIONS ON TOBACCO STREAK VIRUS INFECTING COTTON CROP
Necrosis caused by (TSV) is an emerging disease in cotton crop, Tobacco streak virus particularly in Central and Southern India. A study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of TSV) infecting cotton, with a focus on its symptomology, particle morphology, host range and screening of cotton genotypes against the virus. The virus was reported to infect all foliar parts cotton plant. Characteristic symptoms caused by the virus included necrotic streaks on leaves and stems, rosetting, square drying and stunted growth. Transmission Electron Microscopy studies using leaf dip preparation of the virus revealed typical spherical TSV particles measuring 28-30 nm in diameter. To identify the host plants of the virus, host range studies were carried out under glasshouse conditions. Eleven plants spp. belonging to different families were artificially inoculated with virus sap. identified susceptibility in , , , Vigna unguiculata Cajanus cajan Vigna mungo Arachis hypogaea Helianthus annus Abelmoschus esculentus Capsicum annum Guizotia , , , and abyssinica Glycine max Cicer arietinum Lycopersicon esculentum Sesbania while , , , bispinosa Solanum melongena Parthenium hysterophorus , and were non-hosts. Screening of cotton cultivars revealed that 11 germplasm lines were immune, 27 resistant, 12 moderately resistant, while three germplasm lines were moderately susceptible and two were susceptible to the TSV under natural field condition.
EXPLORING BIOCHAR AS A SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY FOR SUPPRESSING MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA CAUSING ROOT AND STEM ROT OF SESAME
*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:96c26560-39d2-4522-85ed-cd76ecb11954-15" data-turn-id-container="request-WEB:96c26560-39d2-4522-85ed-cd76ecb11954-15" data-testid="conversation-turn-24" data-turn="assistant"> Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. However, its productivity is severely affected by root and stem rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, a soil-borne pathogen that survives in soil through persistent microsclerotia and causes significant yield losses, particularly under high-temperature and moisture-stress conditions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of eucalyptus wood biochar, applied alone and in combination with beneficial bioagents, for the management of root and stem rot of sesame under controlled conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven treatments and three replications. Biochar was applied at different concentrations (5, 10, and 30 g kg⁻¹ soil) either alone or in combination with Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, and Jawahar Mycorrhiza. Observations on seed germination, shoot length, root length, and disease incidence were recorded at 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Among all treatments, biochar at 5 g kg⁻¹ soil combined with T. viride proved to be the most effective, recording 88.77% disease reduction over the untreated control at 60 DAS, along with the highest germination (66.60%) and improved plant growth. In contrast, the higher biochar concentration (30 g kg⁻¹ soil) was comparatively less effective, indicating a dose-dependent response. Overall, the integration of eucalyptus wood biochar with beneficial bioagents effectively suppressed M. phaseolina and enhanced sesame growth, suggesting its potential as an eco-friendly strategy for managing root and stem rot of sesame.
ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACHES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHARCOAL ROT OF SOYBEAN CAUSED BY (TASSI.) GOID. MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA
Charcoal rot of soybean caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. is a major yield-reducing and economically important disease of soybean. Under favourable environmental conditions, the pathogen causes substantial losses and can become destructive at all growth stages of the crop. Yield losses of up to 30% due to charcoal rot have been reported in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Biological control agents such as Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas spp., applied as seed treatments, soil applications, and foliar sprays, have been found effective against the pathogen while also promoting crop growth. To develop an eco-friendly, low-cost, and indigenous technology for producing disease-free soybean seeds, a field experiment was conducted using different bioagents and botanical formulations. Among the treatments, Trichoderma asperellum (seed treatment @ 10 ml kg⁻¹ seed in 100 ml water + foliar spray @ 10 ml/100 ml water at 30, 45, and 60 DAS) proved to be the most effective, recording 93.33% field emergence, the lowest seedling mortality (7.00%, 12.33%, 14.00%, and 15.00% at 15, 30, 45, and 60 DAS, respectively), and the highest shoot length (30.33 cm), root length (15.35 cm), and dry weight (8.30 g plant⁻¹) at 45 DAS. The next best treatment was Herbal Kunap Jal (seed treatment @ 10 ml kg⁻¹ seed in 100 ml water + foliar spray @ 10 ml/100 ml water at 30, 45, and 60 DAS), which recorded 90.33% field emergence, seedling mortality of 4.66%, 15.66%, 16.66%, and 18.66% at 15, 30, 45, and 60 DAS, respectively, and shoot length, root length, and dry matter of 28.96 cm, 14.33 cm, and 4.93 g plant⁻¹, respectively, at 45 DAS. The results suggest that Trichoderma asperellum is an effective eco-friendly option for the management of charcoal rot and improvement of soybean seedling vigour.
STATUS AND SCREENING OF SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE FROM DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF MADHYA PRADESH
Rice holds significant importance as a staple food grain, contributing about 21% of the total energy intake and nearly 15% of the total protein consumption of humans. Therefore, emphasis on both the quantity and quality of rice production is essential. Diseases in rice cultivation cause substantial annual reductions in both yield and quality. Considering this, the present investigation was undertaken to assess disease incidence and severity and to screen rice varieties against sheath blight in different districts of Madhya Pradesh. A survey conducted across several districts revealed that the maximum disease incidence was recorded in the Kranti variety in Jabalpur district, while the minimum incidence was observed in the Danteshwari variety in Sagar district. The highest disease severity was recorded in the IR-36 variety of Jabalpur district (85.9%), followed by the Kranti variety (72.7%), whereas no disease incidence was observed in Panna district. Atotal of 96 rice varieties were screened against . None of the varieties was Rhizoctonia solani found to be immune; however, one variety was highly resistant, five were resistant, eighty-six were moderately resistant, three were susceptible and one was highly susceptible.
Management of Powdery Mildew of Okra Caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is an economically important vegetable crop cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. However, its productivity is adversely affected by several diseases, among which powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum is one of the most destructive, resulting in severe infections on leaves, stems, and pods. The disease reduces photosynthetic activity, suppresses plant growth, and causes significant yield losses under favourable environmental conditions. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides and bioagents for the management of powdery mildew in okra. Among the fungicidal treatments, Myclobutanil 10% WP proved to be the most effective, followed by Azoxystrobin 23% SC. Myclobutanil 10% WP recorded the highest disease control (74.33%) over the untreated control, produced the maximum yield of 138.77 q ha⁻¹, and achieved the highest benefit–cost ratio (1:3.73). Among the bioagents, Ampelomyces quisqualis was comparatively more effective, providing 52.87% disease control with a benefit–cost ratio of 1:2.98. The findings indicate that Myclobutanil 10% WP is highly effective for managing powdery mildew of okra, while Ampelomyces quisqualis may serve as a promising eco-friendly component in integrated disease management strategies.
ROVING SURVEY OF COLLAR ROT DISEASE OF CHICKPEA CAUSED BY SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII SACC. IN MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
A roving survey was conducted during the season of 2023 in major chickpea rabi growing districts of Maharashtra, namely Ahilyanagar, Beed, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Dharashiv, Hingoli, Jalna, Latur, Parbhani, Pune and Solapur, to assess the incidence of collar rot caused by . The mean disease Sclerotium rolfsii incidence across the surveyed districts was 12.73%. Among the surveyed locations, the highest disease incidence was recorded in Hingoli district (16.85%), followed by Parbhani and Jalna districts, whereas the lowest incidence was observed in Dharashiv district (8.62%). The variation in disease incidence among districts may be attributed to differences in soil type, cropping patterns, environmental conditions and management practices adopted by farmers. During the survey, infected chickpea plants showing typical symptoms such as yellowing, wilting and rotting at the collar region accompanied by white mycelial growth and mustard-sized sclerotia near the soil surface were observed. Representative infected plant samples were collected from different locations for pathogen isolation and further laboratory investigations. The association of collar rot incidence with black cotton soils and common cropping systems such as soybean–chickpea, pigeonpea–chickpea and urdbean–chickpea was evident, indicating that these agro-ecological conditions may favor disease development.
EVALUATION OF SPP. AND ESSENTIAL OILS TO MINIMIZE GROWTH OF CAUSING SOFT ROT OF STRAWBERRY
*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:96c26560-39d2-4522-85ed-cd76ecb11954-6" data-turn-id-container="request-WEB:96c26560-39d2-4522-85ed-cd76ecb11954-6" data-testid="conversation-turn-6" data-turn="assistant"> Strawberry is a highly perishable fruit and is highly susceptible to pathogenic fungi, resulting in significant nutritional and economic losses. In this study, healthy and infected strawberry fruits were collected during March and April of 2024 and 2025 from different markets of Alipurduar, West Bengal, India. Soft rot was identified as a common postharvest disease caused by Rhizopus stolonifer, which was confirmed through microscopic examination of the isolated fungus and rDNA ITS sequencing. Pathogenicity was further verified by inoculating healthy fruits and re-isolating the pathogen. As an alternative to chemical fungicides, sustainable management strategies were evaluated using four Trichoderma species (T. harzianum, T. koningiopsis, T. virens, and one unidentified Trichoderma species) along with six essential oils against R. stolonifer. All Trichoderma isolates inhibited pathogen growth, with T. harzianum and T. virens showing the greatest effectiveness when inoculated one or two days before the pathogen. Among the six essential oils tested, cinnamon, citronella, and clove oils completely inhibited pathogen growth in vitro even after 17 days of incubation. Application of these essential oils on strawberry fruits also reduced disease development, with cinnamon oil showing the highest level of inhibition, followed by citronella and clove oils. These findings indicate that selected Trichoderma species and essential oils have considerable potential as eco-friendly alternatives for the sustainable management of postharvest soft rot of strawberry caused by Rhizopus stolonifer.
EFFICACY OF GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST LATE LEAF SPOT DISEASE IN GROUNDNUT CAUSED BY PHAEOISARIOPSIS PERSONATA
Groundnut ( L.) is one of India’s most important oilseed crops, extensively cultivated under tropical and subtropical conditions. Productivity is frequently constrained by foliar fungal diseases, particularly late leaf spot (LLS)caused by . Under conducive environmental conditions such as prolonged leaf wetness, high humidity and moderate temperatures-the disease can induce defoliation, weaken haulm quality and cause pod yield losses exceeding 50–70%. Chemical fungicides remain the dominant management tool; however, issues such as environmental contamination, pathogen resistance and residue hazards justify the search for eco-friendly alternatives. Nanotechnology provides a novel opportunity for disease control due to the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. This investigation focused on optimization of dose through poisoned food technique and its field efficacy under Kharif conditions at Central Campus, MPKV Rahuri. Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited reddish-brown coloration with UV-Vis absorption around 430–450 nm, indicative of spherical crystalline structures. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed particle sizes predominantly ranging between 20–60 nm. assays demonstrated significant mycelial inhibition at 100, 125 and 150 ppm concentrations. Field application of 150 ppm AgNPs recorded the lowest disease severity and was statistically comparable to mancozeb and carbendazim. These findings highlight the potential of green nanomaterials as safer alternatives to fungicidesfor sustainable groundnut production.
IN-VITRO IN-VIVO AND EFFICACY OF AGROCHEMICALS, BIOLOGICAL DERIVED FORMULATIONS AND BIOAGENTS AGAINST SHEATH BLIGHT OF RICE
Rhizoctonia solani Thanatephorus cucumeris in vitro Trichoderma viride in vivo Trichoderma virideKuhn (Teleomorph: (Frank) Donk) is a soil-borne, necrotrophic fungus belonging to the division Basidiomycota Sheath blight is one of the most important and widespread diseases affecting rice in all major rice-growing regions of the world and causes significant reductions in grain yield. In India, rice sheath blight has been reported to cause yield losses of up to 54.3%. Sheath blight management was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies using agrochemicals, biologically derived formulations and bioagents. Under conditions, Propiconazole 25% EC (T ) exhibited the highest mycelial growth inhibition (92.95–96.82%), whereas Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP (T ) was the least effective. Among biologically derived formulations, Beejamrit (T ) showed the highest efficacy, while Agniastra recorded the lowest growth inhibition. In bioagent evaluation, (T ) showed maximum growth inhibition (36.61%), whereas PSF 173 was least effective. Under conditions, Propiconazole 25% EC (T ) resulted in the minimum disease incidence (12.11%), while Pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP showed the highest incidence. Among biologically derived formulations, Beejamrit (T ) recorded the lowest disease incidence (16.62%), whereas Agniastra (T ) showed the highest (26.24%). In bioagent treatments, (T ) effectively reduced disease incidence (18.68%), while PSF 173 (T ) recorded the maximum incidence (22.98%). These results highlight the comparative efficacy of chemical and biological approaches for managing sheath blight disease of rice.
EVALUATION OF FENUGREEK GENOTYPES FOR SEED YIELD AND DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) is affected by many diseases; downy mildew caused by Peronospora trigonella Gaum is considered one of the most destructive and wide spread diseases of the crop, which is commonly occurring February and March (Thind, 1942, Gupta ., 2015). et al The infected leaves are easily detected by the presence of yellow patches on the upper surface and cottony grayish- violet mycelial growth on the lower surface of the leaves. The disease is also reported from Algeria, Pakistan, United Kingdom and India (Acharya, 2014). The common methods of disease managements are use of chemical and disease resistant variety. However continuous use of chemicals to control plant diseases is neither environmentally sound nor economically cheap (Iqbal , 2011). The et al. literature on downy mildew resistant germplasm of fenugreek is scanty. Therefore identification of downy mildew resistant / tolerant genotypes of the self pollinated crop will be useful for development of resistant cultivars where the disease is prevalent and causing heavy yield loss.
VARIATION AMONG ISOLATES OF F.SP. FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM CICERI CAUSING CHICKPEA WILT
Chickpea ( L.) one of Cicer arietinum the most important pulse crops grown in Asian subcontinent, third most important food legume of the world. Maharashtra contributes about 10 per cent share in total production of country. One of the major production constraints in chickpea is wilt Fusarium caused by f.sp Fusarium oxysporum . ciceri (Jalali and Chand, 1992). The disease is wide spread in chickpea growing areas of the world and is reported from 33 countries The pathogen penetrates the roots and provokes either root rots or tracheomycosis when they invade the vascular system, causing wilt disease. The disease can be observed in susceptible cultivar within 25 days after sowing in infected soil and this known as 'early wilt' (Haware 1980). Wilting may et al., also occur during reproductive growth and is known as 'late wilt'. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. is highly variable pathogen. ciceri The present study was conducted to understand the cultural and morphological variability among isolates of f.sp. Fusarium oxysporum ciceri, collected from different locations of Maharashtra.
EFFECT OF ON SEVERITY OF SEEDLING ROT TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM OF CHILLI CAUSED BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI
Chilli ( L.) is Capsicum annuum temperate annual plant commonly cultivated for its vegetable purpose and dry chilli as spice of commerce. It is good source for culinary uses, arthritis pain, diabetic neuropathy and headache. Chilli is a rich source of vitamin C, B, B , carotene 6 (provitamin A), high in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe). In India, it is an important cash crop, which is grown for the both domestic and export market. India is the largest producer of chilli occupying about 0.82 million hectare area in the world followed by China (4 lakh tonnes) Raja et al. (2013). Among the biotic stresses, seedling rot of chilli caused by , is Rhizoctonia solani the most serious disease and has national importance as it affects the seedling during the early stages. It causes rot/necrosis of the seedling and rottening of the plants. Chilli is also affected by various fungi . viz Anthracnose ( spp.) Collectotrichum Cercospora leaf spot ( ), Cercospora capsici Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv ), viruses TSWV (TSW virus). vesicatoria Among the fungal diseases, damping off disease of seedling as well as root and stem rot in young transplants of chilli caused by Rhizoctonia solani is major soil borne disease causing huge economic losses in chilli. Antagonistic fungi and bacteria; therefore, assumes great significance, among the antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma harzianum has shown promise as a biocontrol agent for R. solani et al Kumar . (2012). A field experiment to test the effect of on severity of Trichoderma seedling rot of chilli (C L.) apsicum annuum caused by on growth and Rhizoctonia solani yield parameters was investigated at our adopted village Banda, district Katni, for suppressing and seedling rot of chilli promoting healthy plant growth and fruit size. The field trial was laid out with 6 treatments
SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF APPLE STEM GROOVING VIRUS PREVALENT IN DRY TEMPERATE ZONE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Horticultural crops being intensive play an important role in countries' economy through employment generation and improving farm income. Among different temperate fruits, apple ( x Malus domestica Borkh.) is the most important crop of the world and is cultivated on an area of 5,051,851 ha with an annual production and productivity of 84,630,275 T and 16.75 MT/ha, respectively (FAO, 2014). India ranks 5 in production of apple in the world with an th area of about 3,13,040 ha and an annual production and productivity of 2497,680 MT and 7.97 MT/ha respectively (FAO, 2014). In Himachal Pradesh apple is being cultivated over 1,10,679 ha with annual production of 7,77,126 MT (Annoymous, 2016). Whereas, in dry temperate zone of Himachal Pradesh apple is cultivated over 12,506 ha with an a n n u a l p r o d u c t i o n o f 5 9 , 4 7 3 M T (Annonymous, 2015). Though, cultivation of apple has revolutionized the socio-economic status of farmers of tribes of Himachal Pradesh, yet the productivity of apple is very low 4.76 MT/ha (Anonymous, 2015) is relatively low in comparison to global productivity of 16.75 MT/ha. Different factors are responsible for low productivity of apple, among these diseases play an important role. Apple crop falls prey to wide range of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, where, viral diseases need greater attention for being its systemic nature that passes to the successive generations through clonal propagation, thus causing decline of trees. Latent viral infection goes unnoticed and gradually results in the loss of plant vigour, reduction in quality of produce as well as yield of the crop.
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR EFFICACY AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENS
Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and its use as antimicrobial activities against plant pathogens is a novel research area. Presently research was undertaken on synthesis of CuNPs from L. leaves Eucalyptus globules as a reducing agent and copper sulphate as precursor. Synthesized copper nanoparticles were characterized by Particles Size Analyzer (PSA) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) which showed the size of 30-50 nm. Such confirmed nanoparticles were evaluated against (Loose smut of wheat) Ustilago nuda tritici and (Turcicum leaf blight) by spore germination method Exserohilum turcicum which showed 100 per cent spore inhibition over the control at 50 and 100 ppm respectively. However the synthesized copper nanoparticles were failed to inhibit the mycelial growth of and by poison Sclerotium rolfsii Macrophomina phaseolina food technique. Further, CuNPs did not show any phytotoxicity symptoms on tomato seedlings by spot application on leaves under glasshouse condition.
EFFECT OF BIO-FERTILIZER ON INNOVATION ATTRIBUTES OF FARMERS
The study was conducted in Wardha district of Maharashtra State where front line demonstrations on seed treatment in soybean with bio-fertilizers were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra on farmer's field. Fifty FLDs were evaluated to assess the impact of bio fertilizers on adoption and relative advantage, compatibility, complexity and suitability of the technology. Seed treatment of bio-fertilizer in soybean gave 56.93 per cent more yield as compare to untreated seed plot. In the compatibility studies, cent per cent farmers reported that this technology is suitable to agro-climatic conditions, consistent with existing situation and compatible with norms of soybean cultivation. Over 90.00 per cent respondents accepted that it meets felt need of farmers. In the categorization, majority of respondents were found to be taken high relative advantage, highly compatible, low complexity and high suitability. The total, effectiveness of bio-fertilizers was found to be 91.96 per cent. Regarding impact on adoption, most of the respondents (68.00%) were accepted the technology, but some of them were not able to adopt due to some constraints faced by farmers such as availability of bio fertilizers, make hands and cloths darken during seed treatment and irritation in their eyes. The relational analysis, relative advantage and suitability were positive and highly significant whereas, complexity was highly but negatively correlated with the adoption.
CULTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND AFLATOXIGENIC VARIABILITY AMONG ISOLATES OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS FROM GROUNDNUT SEEDS
Twenty strains of (AF-1 to AF-20) were isolated from Aspergillus flavus the seeds of twenty different samples of groundnut. Studies on the cultural, morphological and aflatoxigenic variability was done for all the isolates Isolates . AF-9 and AF-18 belonged to the fast growing category (>50 mm colony diameter) whereas; AF-5, AF-11, AF-16, AF-17 and AF-20 belonged to the slow growing category (<35 mm colony diameter). The colour of the outer surface of the mycelium ranged from creamy white to dull white and fluffy to flat. Dry mycelial weight was recorded maximum in AF-18 (576.25 mg) and the least in the isolate AF-20 (243.51 mg). Highest sporulation was recorded in AF-11(32.85 x 10 spores 6 ml ) and least sporulation in isolate AF-5 (3.75 x 10 spores ml ). Potato dextrose -1 6 -1 agar medium was found most suitable for aflatoxigenicity test followed by the Czapek's Dox agar medium. The aflatoxigenicity test showed AF-8 to be highly toxigenic while seven isolates (AF-1, AF-9, AF-10, AF-11, AF-15, AF-17, and AF 20) were non-toxigenic.
PATHOGENIC VARIABILITY IN INDIAN ISOLATES OF TILLETIA INDICA CAUSING KARNAL BUNT OF WHEAT
Using ten wheat differentials, variation in pathogenic characters was studied among 10 geographically distinct isolates of , KB-1, 2, 5, Tilletia indica viz. 6, 8, 13, 14, 15, 30 and 31 collected from the states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand. KB-1 was most virulent as it induced highly susceptible (HS) reaction in the differentials Wheat HD 2225, WL 6973, PBW 343, and S 486; susceptible (S) reaction in UP 2382 and TL 1210; moderately susceptible (MS) reaction in HD 29 and WL 1562, but it produced moderately resistant (MR) reaction in HD 30 and HD 2288. Three isolates KB-1, KB-15 and KB-31 of Kotputly (Rajasthan), Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab) and Yamuna Nagar (Haryana) matched aggressiveness with KB-30 of Karnal (Haryana). HD 29 produced MS reaction instead of highly resistant (HR) while UP 2382, TL 1210 and S 486 produced S reaction against KB-1 isolates. Due to nearly identical reaction types, these isolates were placed into one group. Isolates KB-2, KB-5, KB-8 and KB-13 of Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), Ludhiana (Punjab), Radaur (Haryana) and Barnala (Punjab), respectively, resembled aggressiveness to all the host differentials except on HD 29 and HD 30 where KB-8 produced MS and R reaction. Hence these four isolates were clubbed together. Two isolates KB-6 and KB-14 of Ganganagar (Rajasthan) and Bhatinda (Punjab) were least virulent as they produced MS reaction in PBW 343 and failed to infect HD 29, HD 30, UP 2382 and HD 2225. Based on pathogenic variability, ten isolates of were grouped into three distinct T. indica pathotypes, , I (highly virulent): KB-1, KB-15, KB-30 and KB-31, II viz. (moderately virulent): KB-2, KB-5, KB-8 and KB-13 and III (least virulent): KB-6 and KB-14.
KNOWLEDGE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICE OF PRE-AND POSTHARVEST LOSSES OF CHICKPEA ( L.) CICER ARIETINUM IN NORTH WESTERN ETHIOPIA
Chickpea ( L.) productivity is affected by different pests Cicer arietinum both at field as well as storage condition. This study was done with an objective of assessing farmers' knowledge and management practice to reduce pre- and postharvest losses of chickpea. Farmers have different level of knowledge and perception towards the degree of chickpea losses caused by different factors both at pre-and postharvest level. Farmers at Dembia district believed pre-harvest loss due to insect pest was the highest. However, pre-and postharvest loss due to an insect pest, field rodents, and bad weather condition poses the highest risk to chickpea production at W/belesa district and a similar trend was observed among respondents in G/zuria and Takusa districts. All respondent farmers from Dembia district used aluminium phosphide to manage insect pests in a storage condition. In addition to aluminium phosphide, 66.67% of the respondents use proper drying. On the other hand, 16.67% and 8.33% of respondents manage postharvest loss through mixing chickpea with tef and use of insecticides like malathion, respectively. Farmers in surveyed districts considered different factors in selecting management options mainly the price, efficacy, easiness and their previous experience. Moreover, it was observed that the highest gap among respondents in surveyed districts were on identification and management of insect pests, use of pesticides and on their safety and handling. Therefore, future training and awareness creation should be prepared by assessing farmers' gap.
CULTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR VARIABILITY IN COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT FRUIT CROPS
Anthracnose ( Penz) is the most Colleotrichum gloeosporioides important disease contributes significantly to pre-harvest and post-harvest losses in different fruit crops. Eight isolates of were Colleotrichum gloeosporioides collected from different fruit crops and characterised for cultural, morphological and molecular varians. All isolated from fruit crop hosts showed C. gloeosporioides variability amongst them. The test isolate on basic culture medium, potato dextrose agar shows significant variation in colony diameter, type of growth, colour and pigmentation. All isolates produced cylindrical hyaline conidia and they exhibited significant variability in respect of conidial dimension and size of setae. RAPD PCR analysis of the eight isolates using OPA primer series revealed that the isolate CgMg (Mango) and CgPg (Pomegranate) were closely related with 87.80 per cent genetic similarity and distinct from CgCa (Custard apple) isolate.
MANAGEMENT OF POST HARVEST TRICHODERMA FRUIT ROT OF NAGPUR MANDARINS
Trichoderma Phytophthora spp., used for managing soil borne rot in citrus orchards is observed to cause post harvest fruit rots. Therefore, it is imperative to develop management tool for this upcoming threat. Looking at the development of resistance in pathogen against effective fungicides and their environmental hazards, some alternative methods are suggested but they are not as effective as fungicides. Combining them with fungicides will make fungicides efficient at lower doses thus reducing environmental risk. In this experiment fungicide, edible wax and antagonist are used in combination. Among treatments on 15 day Propiconazole th 0.1% + Vegetable Wax 6%, Imazalil 0.1% + Citracine Wax 6% and Imazalil 0.1% + Vegetable Wax 6% were at par. Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio was maximum (1:17.10) for Propiconazole 0.1% + Vegetable Wax 6% followed by Propiconazole 0.1% + Citracine Wax 6% (1:12.07). Pesticide Residue Analysis for Propiconazole by High Power Liquid Chromatography technique showed 20-30 times less residues than Maximum Residue Limit set by Europe, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Canada and USA. It shows that dipping of Nagpur mandarin fruits in 1ml/litre of Propiconazole followed by coating with 6% Vegetable or Citracine Wax protect fruits from Trichoderma rot upto 15 days of harvesting under ambient conditions.
EXPLORATION OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST STEMPHYLIUM BLIGHT OF GARLIC
Field experiment was conducted for the management of stemphylium blight incited by of garlic during 2012-14. Stemphylium vesicarium Rabi Among seven fungicides evaluated under field conditions on the basis of pooled data Foliar sprays of Tebuconazole @ 0.1% was found significantly superior to minimize the leaf blight of garlic (PDI 1.90%) which was at par with Azoxystrobin @ 0.1% PDI 2.74%. The maximum percent disease control (PDC) was recorded with four sprays at ten days interval initiated at the onset of disease. Tebuconazole @ 0.1% (89.29%) followed by Azoxystrobin @ 0.1% (84.55%). Four foliar sprays of Tebuconazole @ 0.1% recorded significantly superior yield (168.82 q/ha) which was at par with Azoxystrobin @ 0.1% (164.60 q/ha).
MUSHROOM FLORA OF WESTERN GHAT REGION OF MAHARASHTRA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SPP PLEUROTUS.
The present investigation entitled “Mushroom flora of western ghat of Maharashtra with special reference to spp " was carried out at Plant Pleurotus . Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Kolhapur. The survey was carried out with object to study biodiversity of mushroom flora in western Maharashtra and to identify mushroom species on the basis of morphological characteristics.Collection of mushroom specimen was conducted during monsoon season of 2015. During the present investigation, seven species of the genus viz., Pleurotus P. ostreatus (2), P. pulmonarius, P. flabellatus, P. porrigens, P. lignatilis P. djamor and were observed in this investigation, the extensive survey of forests and existing places near Kolhapur, Satara, Sindudurg and Pune of Maharashtra was carried out. Identification of mushroom specimen collected was done on the basis of Pleurotus their macroscopic (morphological) and microscopic characters. Pleurotus P. ostreatus, P. show variation among their pileus shape i.e lignatilis, P. pulmonarius, P. flabellatus species had oyster or kidney shape, species showed fan or shell shape, species of oyster mushroom showed tounge P.porrigens shape structure. Other characteristics include form of mushroom i.e single, group or connate (united).Out of those oyster species P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. flabellatus, P. djamor P. porrigens , are edible but not consumed by people. is Inedible, poisonous so not consumed locally. of mushroom, Pleurotus spp. P.ostreatus P. porrigens had Lilac spore print, had creamish spore print, remaining all 4 species i.e showed white P. pulmonarius, P. flabellatus, P. lignatilis, P. djamor, spore print. The study revealed that macro fungal diversity in the western ghat region of Maharashtra is needs to be conserve properly especially for edible and medicinal purpose.
EVALUTION OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST RHIZOPUS FRUIT ROT OF TOMATO
Seven systemic and non-systemic fungicides were screened at different concentrations (100, 500, 1000 & 2000 ppm) and to test their efficacy in vitro in vivo against Rhizopus Rot of tomato fungitoxicity test indicated that the . In vitro benomyl, Carbendzim12% +Mancozeb 63% (75 WP), Trifloxystrobin25% + tebuconazole 50% (75 WG) and thiophanate methyl 70 WP at different concentrations (100, 500, 1000 & 2000 ppm) were highly effective and resulted in complete mycelial growth inhibition of . The lowest Rhizopus rot Rhizopus oryzae severity was observed in fruits treated with benomyl at 100 & 500 ppm, trifloxystrobin (25%) + tebuconazole (50%) at 1000 and 2000 ppm concentration followed by carbendazim (12%) + mancozeb (63%) (6.21 & 0.45 and 7.49 & 7.49 %) at 500 and 1000 ppm both in Pre- and Post-inoculation at 5 day after th inoculation, respectively. Carbendazim (61.11 & 24.99 % and 51.48 & 49.54 %) found least effective against Rhizopus rot at 100 and 500 ppm on 5th day after inoculation.
STATUS OF THE COTTON LEAF CURL VIRUS DISEASE SEVERITY IN THE BATHINDA DISTRICT OF PUNJAB
ABSTRACT The studies were done to record the cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuD) severity through Percent Disease Index (PDI) of cotton at the farmer's field in the Bathinda districts of the South Western Region of Punjab during Kharif season in the year 2015 and 2016. PDI of the CLCuD recorded (25.33 to 72.67%) in the 20 villages surveyed in the year 2015 and (0.00 to 34.33%) in the 42 villages surveyed in the year 2016, respectively. The maximum PDI 72.67% recorded in US Agriseeds US 21BG II (Un-recommended) in Village Jodhpur and 34.33% in SRCH 666 BG II (Un-recommended) in village Bhucho Kalan of the Bathinda district in the year 2015 and 2016,respectively. PDI of the cotton leaf curl virus disease was found to be at the higher range in the year 2015 as compared to 2016. The deviations in the PDI were observed in both the years because of the varied agro-climatological situations, varieties/hybrids grown, awareness among the farmers regarding fertilizer application, application of pesticides, eradication of weeds/host plants acting as alternate or collateral host of the vector whitefly, cultural practices etc.