The Journal of Extension Systems (JES) is an international half-yearly interdisciplinary social science peer reviewed, referred journal since 1985 under the aegis of Extension Systems Foundation International (A Not for Profit NGO Charity Organisation, registered under the Companies Act 2013) by ACS Publisher, India. The journal is registered with the Registrar of Newspapers in India vide registration no 42418/85 in addition to having ISSN 0970-2989 and eISSN 2582-273X. The journal was conceived and implemented by Founding Editor in Chief Dr. O.S. Verma. The journal is dedicated to the cause of advancing understanding of Extension Systems through empirical investigations, theoretical analysis, and practical experiences to provide authoritative reference that deals with extension systems in both emerging and developed economies. It is indexed in Crossref, Road, google Scholar, EBSCO, OpenAlex, indiacitationindex, connectjournals.com, myresearchjournals.com, ULRICH periodical directory, j-gate, science gate, INSDOC, etc.
An Assessment of Socio-Personal and Landholding Characteristics of Millet Farmers in Varanasi District of Uttar Pradesh
Millets are climate-resilient, nutrient-rich cereal crops that play a significant role in ensuring food and nutritional security, particularly in resource-constrained regions. Despite increasing policy attention toward millet promotion in India, understanding the socio-economic profile of millet growers remains essential for designing effective interventions. The present study was conducted in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh to examine the socio-personal and farm-related characteristics of millet-growing farmers. Four blocks, namely Kashi Vidyapeeth, Baragaon, Cholapur, and Arajiline, were selected randomly, and 120 millet farmers were identified through snowball sampling and selected randomly for the study. Data were collected through a structured interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage. The findings revealed that a majority of the respondents (45.0%) belonged to the older age group (>50 years), while males constituted 87.5 percent of the sample. In terms of education, 36.7 percent had completed secondary education, followed by 29.2 percent graduates, indicating a relatively educated farming community. Most respondents (65.0%) possessed medium farming experience (8–42 years). Regarding landholding, 64.17 percent were marginal farmers and 25.83 percent were small farmers, reflecting the predominance of small-scale agriculture in the study area. Furthermore, 75.0 percent of the respondents cultivated millets on medium-sized plots (0.02–0.30 ha), indicating that millet cultivation is primarily practiced on limited land resources. The study highlights the need for policies promoting youth participation, women’s involvement, and enhanced support for marginal farmers to strengthen millet-based farming systems and ensure sustainable agricultural development. The findings provide useful insights for policymakers, extension agencies, and researchers engaged in millet promotion and rural livelihood enhancement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Extension Systems https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Integrating Indigenous Technical Knowledge into Digital Farming Systems of Bangladesh
Agriculture today faces the dual challenge of increasing food production for a growing global population while protecting the environment. The country’s rich indigenous traditions encompass ecologically balanced practices such as organic fertilization, crop rotation, pest management using natural repellents, and adaptive techniques like floating gardens in flood-prone regions. However, the increasing dominance of Western-oriented digital and mechanized farming models has often marginalized these context-specific systems of knowledge. Through an extensive review of literature, case studies, and policy documents, this study highlights how blending ITK with digital innovations—such as mobile-based advisory services, artificial intelligence (AI) pest detection, smart irrigation systems, and GIS-based soil mapping—can enhance productivity while safeguarding biodiversity and cultural heritage. The analysis underscores that ITK provides a foundation for ecological sustainability, while digital tools strengthen precision, documentation and scalability. Nevertheless, challenges including digital illiteracy, poor rural connectivity and inadequate institutional support continue to constrain effective integration. The study emphasizes the need for inclusive and participatory frameworks that recognize cognitive justice and ensure community ownership of indigenous knowledge. Key recommendations include establishing decentralized ITK documentation centres, developing multilingual digital platforms and creating participatory extension models that bridge the gap between traditional and scientific knowledge systems. Integrating ITK and digital farming is not merely a technological advancement but a pathway to achieving food security, environmental sustainability and cultural preservation in Bangladesh’s agricultural transformation journey.
Consolidation Of Holdings In Uttar Pradesh: An Instrument For Achieving Food Security
Fragmentation of agricultural holdings resulted from successive land reform measures and partition in joint families lead to the formation of uneconomic holdings. It is believed that land fragmentation would result in optimal crop choice and sub-optimal usage of factor inputs i.e. technically inefficient usage, all of which would in turn lead to less than sustainable incomes for farmers and a resultant would pose a threat to food security. Therefore, various Commissions have suggested for the Consolidation of Holdings to make the scattered plots more compact. Pre and post independent India witnessed various consolidation legislations passed by different States. Consolation was crude and voluntary in the beginning, but later it was regulated by democratic legislation. Amongst various States, the legislation passed by the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh seems to be very efficient. Uttar Pradesh Consolidation Holdings Act, 1953 has been passed to consolidate the scattered agricultural holdings in Uttar Pradesh for the development of agriculture in general and attaining food security in particular. The 1953 Act, though has achieved its goal up to some extent, but it fails in other fronts. This article is an honest attempt to critically discuss the consolidation operation in India with special reference to Uttar Pradesh Consolidation Holdings Act, 1953.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Extension Systems https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Trend and growth rate analysis of forest area under Banda district of Uttar Pradesh
The present study was undertaken to analyze the trend and growth rate performance of forest area as well as geographical area, dense forest,Open Forest, and Total Forest of the Banda district of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. The time series data has been collected from the Forest Survey of India, which was published by Dehradun, Uttarakhand. It is under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Government of India, from 1991-91 to 2021-22 periods. It was found that the simple and compound growth rates were -4.74 and -4.31, respectively, of the geographical area. The simple and compound growth rates of -15.54 and -13.72, respectively, of the total forest area of the Banda district were negative but significant.
Attitude of Agriculture Students Towards E-Learning: Factors, Perceived Prospects and Adoption
In the era of digital transformation, e-learning has become integral to higher education, yet its effective adoption among agricultural students remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the attitude of undergraduate students towards e-learning, identify the influencing socio-economic factors, and analyse the extent of adoption of e-learning platforms at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University. A total of 120 final-year B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture students were surveyed using a structured and pre-tested interview schedule. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and chi-square tests. Results revealed that 67.5 percent of students exhibit a medium level of attitude towards e-learning, while 15 percent had a high attitude. Significant positive correlations were observed between attitude and factors such as father’s education (r=0.861*), computer availability at home (r=893**), computer availability at college (r=0.962**), and internet use purpose (r=0.904**). In terms of adoption, higher proportions of students reported high relative advantage (26.67%) and compatibility (55.84%), while lower demonstrability (26.67%) and visibility 940%) indicated usability challenges. Gender differences were statistically insignificant (χ² = 0.708, p = 0.702; Cramér’s V = 0.077), though girls showed a slightly higher mean attitude (Cohen’s d = –0.4). the findings highlight that while students are technologically ready and moderately positive towards e-learning, challenges remain in enhancing use-friendliness, accessibility, and demonstrability. The study underscores future research related to the importance of strengthening institutional support and user-oriented design to foster inclusive and effective digital leaning in agricultural education.
Role of Training and Value Addition in Enhancing Economic Empower ment of Tribal Women
Tribal women form a vital part of the rural workforce and contribute significantly to agriculture and allied sectors, especially dairy-based livelihoods. This study assessed the effectiveness of a training programme on value addition conducted in Baruabaag (Sitarganj) and Gurukheda (Khatima) villages of Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand. A total of 100 tribal women were selected purposively. An experimental research design with a pre-test and post-test approach was used. Data were collected through structured interviews, and analysis was carried out using mean scores, percentage change, and knowledge categorization. The training covered value addition of local agricultural and dairy products, along with hygiene, processing, packaging, labeling, cost-benefit analysis, and marketing strategies. Results indicated a significant increase in knowledge levels, with mean scores rising from 9.25 percent (pre-test) to 82.75 percent (post-test), reflecting a gain of 73.5 percent. The highest improvement was observed in hygiene and quality control, followed by processing and value addition practices. All respondents shifted from low to high knowledge category after the training. The findings highlight that training interventions effectively enhance knowledge, skills, and entrepreneurial orientation among tribal women. Strengthening such capacity-building programmes can contribute to improved income generation and sustainable livelihood development
Mushroom Cultivation in India: Employment Generation and Turning Ag ricultural Waste into Nutritional Wealth
Mushroom cultivation is an innovative and sustainable agricultural practice that transforms low-cost agricultural waste into high-value food and medicinal products. Unlike conventional crops, mushrooms can be cultivated indoors throughout the year using agricultural residues such as straw, husk, bagasse, and sawdust—making them a profitable enterprise for small and marginal farmers. Although India’s contribution to global mushroom production remains modest, the country possesses immense potential owing to its diverse climatic conditions, abundant Agri-waste, and cost-effective labour. Supported by various government initiatives, including the National Horticulture Mission (NHM) and the Ministry of Rural Development’s training and assistance programs, mushroom cultivation is emerging as a key driver of income generation, employment creation, and rural development. Biologically, mushrooms are saprophytic fungi that recycle organic matter into nutrient-rich food, thus contributing to environmental sustainability. The cultivation process demands minimal land, low capital, and short production cycles, offering quick returns to farmers. Nutritionally, mushrooms are rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals while being low in fat and calories, making them a highly nutritious and sustainable food source. Globally, species such as button, oyster, milky, and shiitake mushrooms are cultivated for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Mushroom cultivation represents a promising eco-friendly enterprise that integrates waste management, food security, and rural livelihood enhancement. Its adoption can significantly strengthen sustainable agriculture and contribute to nutritional well being in developing economies like India.
Change in climate, fluctuating challenges: A study on farmers experiences in Puri district of Odisha
This study assesses the impacts of climate change on agriculture and rural livelihoods in the Puri district of Odisha, India. Based on responses from 33 randomly selected farmers in Astaranga and Kakatpur blocks, the findings reveal that irregular rainfall, rising temperatures, and frequent extreme weather events have significantly affected crop yield and livestock productivity. Yield loss (30.30%) and crop disease (18.18%) were identified as the major agricultural challenges, while 75.76% of livestock owners reported disease and mortality as key constraints. Vulnerable groups, including farm families, women, and rural laborers, face greater livelihood insecurity due to declining agricultural income. The study suggests promoting climate-resilient practices such as rainwater harvesting, afforestation, crop diversification, and organic farming. Strengthening institutional support, early warning systems, and capacity-building programs for farmers are essential to enhance adaptive capacity and ensure sustainable rural livelihoods.
Dynamics of Crop Diversification and Cropping Pattern Shifts in the Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh
The study examines crop diversification and cropping pattern shifts in the Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh during 2003-2004 to 2022-2023 using the Simpson Index of Diversification (SID) and Markov Chain Analysis. The results of the study revealed that the moderate to high level of diversification in Ballia, Jaunpur, Barabanki and Sultanpur districts exhibiting higher SID values, while Mau and Chandauli districts identified less diversified. The Markov analysis revealed that rice and wheat are the most stable crops, retaining large areas, though a gradual shift toward pulses, oilseeds, and cash crops was noted.
International Day of Rural Women: Triple burden & major challenges of rural women in India
The International Day of Rural Women is celebrated on October 15 every year which highlights the crucial role rural women play in agriculture, food security, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. As farmers, caregivers, and community leaders, they manage crops, livestock, and natural resources, preserve traditional knowledge, and adapt to climate change. Despite their contributions, rural women face challenges such as limited access to land, education, healthcare, and financial resources, along with triple household and community responsibilities. Literacy among rural women in India has improved significantly, rising from 4.87% in 1951 to 57.93% in 2011, reflecting efforts to empower them through education and skill development. Initiatives like Bio-resource Centres engage women in converting household and agricultural waste into vermicompost, promoting organic farming, reducing pollution, generating employment, and sustaining biodiversity knowledge. Complementing these efforts, Bihar’s Lohia Swachh Bihar Abhiyan (LSBA) integrates the Swachh Bharat Mission–Gramin and Lohia Swachhata Yojana to achieve Open Defecation Free (ODF) villages and transition to ODF-Plus by 2025 through sanitation infrastructure, awareness campaigns, and community led waste management in which rural women play an integral part. These strategies collectively underscore the importance of women’s empowerment and community participation in achieving clean, healthy, and sustainable rural development.
Technical communication: A study on knowledge, attitude, and skill among Banaras Hindu University students
The best way to write a scientific paper is to know about technical communication. This type of communication is crucial but the skill is not common among many young faculties and research scholars.Realizing this problem among university students, the Department of agricultural extension made a massive campaign to educate young faculties and PhD scholars on research writing through the IoE project, of Banaras Hindu University. In this project, different workshops were conducted to enhance the knowledge and skill of technical writing among the scholars. In the first phase, workshops were conducted inthe Faculty of Visual Arts, Department of German Studies, Department of Home science, Department of Geology, Department of Extension Education,Faculty of Ayurveda, and Institute of Science through collaboration with experienced instructor and of scientific writing on technical communication. Seven days’ workshop were conducted in every Faculties.Data were collected through questionnaire before starting of the workshop and after completion of the workshops.Approximately 210 scholars attended the research paper writing in the whole workshop. Conducted during 2021-2022 Subjects covered in the training was on research paper writing, descriptive data analysis using MS-EXCEL&SPSS software, academic writing and publication, communication skills, capacity building in scientific writing & communication skills.By administering self-evaluation questionnaires immediately before and after each session, students’ confidence, skill and familiarity with the research writing skills were evaluated. It was found that the workshop was effective in enhancing the participants’ knowledge, abilities, and self assurance regarding specific technical writing skills in their respective disciplines. We conclude that a brief, structured workshop can enhance the confidence and knowledge of bachelor’s, master’s, and research students, thereby better preparing them for the writing challenges they face in their professional life. This paper elaborates the change in their knowledge, attitude and skills towards confidence, research writing and academic publications.
Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Development Strategies in Rajasthan and Gujarat: An Analytical Perspective
Rajasthan and Gujarat, two crucial states of India, are confronting complex environmental challenges that threaten ecological stability, public health, and sustainable development. Rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and intensive farming practices have resulted in critical issues such as severe air pollution, water shortages, waste disposal problems, and loss of biodiversity. These issues are closely linked with socio-economic factors like population increase and infrastructural constraints. Although the government has introduced initiatives such as climate action plans, desert development schemes, and sanitation campaigns, shortcomings in their implementation and limited community participation hinder their full potential. This analysis highlights the importance of adopting integrated, region-specific strategies that advance ecological conservation alongside economic growth. Enhancing governance, promoting technological innovation, and increasing public awareness are essential steps toward sustainable progress.
Contact Farmers and Extension Personnel Perceptions of Constraints to Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Services Delivery in Ondo State, Nigeria
This research was conducted to investigate contact farmers’ and extension personnel perceptions of constraints to effectiveness of agricultural extension service delivery in Ondo State, Nigeria. One hundred (100) contact farmers and twenty (20) extension agents were selected using simple random sampling technique. The data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential analyses. The study found that majority (76%) of the farmers and all the extension agents (100%) indicated that agricultural extension services assisted in training farmers on improved farming techniques. The majority (97%) of the farmers and extension agents (95%) agreed that lack of motivation of extension personnel constrains the effectiveness of extension services. The major constraints to effectiveness of extension service by contact farmers include inadequate training of extension personnel (x̅ = 1.86), lack of trust in extension agent (x̅ = 1.65), low literacy rate (x̅ =1.56) and limited access to information and technology (x̅ =1.53) while the major constraints identified by the extension officers include high input cost, lack of trust in extension agents and inadequate training of extension personnel all with a x̅ of 2.0 and within the mean response x̅ (2.0). The results of the hypothesis tests shows that there is a significant relationship between contact farmers’ and extension personnel’s constraints to effectiveness of agricultural extension services as the variables are positively correlated (r= 0.678, P<0.05). Majority of the contact farmers suggested the following as solutions to constraints to effectiveness of agricultural extension services; Agricultural extension centers should be equipped with instructional materials for disseminating agricultural information or new innovations (x̅ =1.26), Employment of more extension personnel to improve the effectiveness of extension service delivery (x̅ =1.20), Farmers should be ready to work with the extension personnel and accept the services provided to them (x̅ =1.18). The study recommends that more extension personnel should be employed and fortified with necessary equipment and facilities to enhance effective dissemination of information for the transformation of agriculture in the state. Proper planning of extension programmes should be made before being implemented to identify and tailor it to the needs of the farmers.
Riding the Coastal Communities Through Responses to Climate Change – A Case Study from Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala
Climate change is a pressing global threat that disrupts ecosystems, human livelihoods, and well-being showing differences among extreme weather events. Climate change increases the vulnerability among fishing communities and coastal populations in India, especially in Kerala, whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on marine and coastal resources. In this regard, gender becomes a significant determinant of how people view, adapt to, and reduce climate hazards. This study looked at how climate literacy affects older citizens’ and knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP), in a few coastal settlements in Kerala’s Thiruvananthapuram District. A purposive sample of 150 respondents who were 60 years of age or older was used to gather data, which was done using a structured interview, climate literacy checklist, KAP scales. The results indicate that although both sexes had high levels of knowledge and favourable views towards climate change, their practices remained modest, with women demonstrating greater awareness and men taking more adaptive actions. While women had comparatively better levels of knowledge, men had much higher levels of climate literacy. In order to improve adaptation and mitigation tactics in vulnerable coastal areas, the insights gained from the study emphasises the necessity of gender-sensitive policies, climate literacy initiatives, and inclusive community-based interventions.
Legal Aspects of Agribusiness in India: With Special Reference to Organisa tional Set-up
Agribusiness is the backbone of Indian economy. A successful agribusiness requires a suitable organisational set up. Hence selecting a suitable enterprise for a particular agribusiness is vital for a successful profit-oriented venture. It is essential for a prospective entrepreneur that apart from the other factors he should take into consideration before establishing an agribusiness venture, should keep in mind their legal aspect also. The knowledge of legal aspects of different kinds of agribusiness organisation will enable him to take a right decision while selecting a particular form of organisation. A suitable Agribusiness organization not only will facilitate the ease of doing agribusiness but also will help the entrepreneur to earn the desired profit.
The International Year of AI: Navigating Scope and Risk in 2025
This manuscript explores the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the year 2025, emphasizing its wide applications and challenges. Tracing AI’s evolution from its conceptual roots at the 1956 Dartmouth Conference, the paper highlights the rise of generative AI tools like ChatGPT, Claude, Grok, Meta, and Deep Seek etc, which are reshaping industries & business by enabling autonomous multi support. A major milestone is the advent of multimodal AI, such as GPT 4o, GPT – 4.5 , GPT – 4.1 capable of processing and generating across text, audio, video, and images, enabling more human-like interactions. Meta(LlaMA)” is also gaining momentum, offering competitive alternatives to proprietary models and democratising innovation especially for research purposes. The integration of AI into consumer devices and its role in revolutionizing sectors such as healthcare, Agriculture, education, marketing, and scientific research underscore its pervasive influence. The proliferation of AI start-ups, business models, and strategic investments marks a global economic shift, positioning AI as a foundational platform for the internet or mobile technology. Workforce transformation is a significant theme, with job displacement in the AI era. Governments and organizations are responding with policies, training, and ethical frameworks to address the AI developments and consequences. Despite its promise, AI brings critical risks. These include job inequality, misinformation via deepfakes, privacy concerns overreliance leading to human deskilling, and cyber security threats. The write up collects the reflections and reality of AI & argues that these challenges must be addressed through transparent governance, ethical AI deployment, and public awareness.
Web Questionnaire Preparation and Execution
Survey is one of the research methodologies of social-science research. Many modes such as schedule (personal interview, telephone), web questionnaire and mail/postal questionnaire are used for its progress. In this technological world, web questionnaire has become the most preferable modes of survey. Web questionnaire is send to the respondents through the e-mails attaching URL link address or with the code via network called internet. Main purpose of web questionnaire is to gather the data within short period among the large sample population access across the large areas. In India, nowadays, web questionnaire has become popular due to increase in netizens gradually. Web questionnaire has better impact on response speed and quality of data with minimal cost. Various tools are used for the preparation and implementation of web questionnaire with the automation facility i.e. database to store the response and statistical software for analytics. This tools also prompt that alert respondents when they enter implausible or incomplete answers. Thus, it is regarded as more reliable and valid than traditional methods. This paper I based on review of literature ,discussions and seminars and has been compiled for guiding the students of social sciences.
Survey on Major Insect Pests of Ginger and Their Natural Enemies in Shiva mogga District
A roving survey was undertaken during 2024–25 in major ginger growing areas of Shivamogga district, viz., Beeranakere and Ayanuru (Shivamogga taluk), Taralaghatta and Saluru (Shikaripura taluk), Baluru and Arasalu (Hosanagara taluk), Kolgunisi and Anavatti (Soraba taluk), and Iruvakki and Hosakoppa (Sagara taluk), to record the occurrence of insect pests and their natural enemies in the ginger ecosystem. The results revealed that the shoot borer, Conogethes punctiferalis, was the predominant and most destructive pest with incidence ranging from 3.19 to 5.70 per cent, highest in Taralaghatta village. Other pests recorded included leaf roller (Udaspes sp.), thrips (Panchaetothrips sp.), rhizome fly (Mimegralla coeruleifrons), leaf beetles (Altica cyanea, Monolepta signata), weevils (Myllocerus sp.), and leaf eating caterpillars (Spilarctia obliqua, Spodoptera litura), with varied levels of infestation across locations and varieties. Among the ginger varieties, Rio-de-Janeiro was more susceptible to shoot borer and leaf roller, while Himachal showed higher incidence of thrips, rhizome fly, leaf beetles, weevils, and leaf eating caterpillars. Natural enemies recorded during the survey included coccinellids (Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Coccinella transversalis, Anegleis cardoni), spiders (Araneus sp., Neoscona sp., Pardosa sp.), and green lacewings (Chrysoperla sp.). Coccinellids were most abundant in Taralaghatta, while spiders were highest in Taralaghatta and Saluru, and green lacewings in Iruvakki. The survey thus highlighted the prevalence of C. punctiferalis as the major pest of ginger in Shivamogga, along with a complex of secondary pests and their associated natural enemies.
Participatory Technology Development (PTD) in Agronomic Research and Extension
Participatory Technology Development (PTD) has emerged as a farmer-centred approach in agronomic research and extension, shifting from conventional top-down technology transfer models to collaborative innovation systems. PTD emphasizes joint experimentation, mutual learning, and integration of local knowledge with scientific expertise to generate site-specific and sustainable agronomic solutions. In crop production, PTD has been successfully applied in nutrient management, improving soil fertility, enhancing water-use efficiency, managing pests and weeds, and selecting varieties. Extension strategies such as Farmer Field Schools, participatory rural appraisal, and farmer-led trials have proven effective in enhancing technology adoption, building farmer capacity, and strengthening linkages between research institutions and farming communities. Despite its benefits, PTD faces challenges including institutional constraints, limited scalability, and the need for adequate policy and financial support. Recent advancements in digital extension, ICT tools, and multi-stakeholder platforms provide new opportunities to strengthen participatory approaches in agronomy. This review highlights the principles, applications, benefits, and limitations of PTD, emphasizing its role in developing climate-resilient, context-specific, and sustainable agronomic practices. The findings underline that PTD is not only a research methodology but also a transformative extension strategy that empowers farmers, enhances adoption, and contributes to sustainable agricultural development.
Effect of exogenous plant growth regulators and rhizobial inoculants on physiology traits associated with drought tolerance in blackgram
Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural College and Research Station, Eachankottai, Thanjavur and Oilseeds Research Station, Tindivanam during Rabi , 2022 &Rabi , 2023 to assess the suitable foliar application of hormones for drought tolerance in blackgram. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design and replicated thrice. The treatments are T1-Absolute Control (Without drought), T2-Absolute drought ,T3-Rhizobial strain (MB 1), T4-KCL Spray 1% +T3 T5-100 μmol/L melatonin+T3, T6-200 μmol/L melatonin+T3, T7- 300 μmol/L melatonin+T3, T8-0.1 mM Putrescine +T3, T9-0.2 mM Putrescine+T3, T10-0.3 mM Putrescine+T3. The growth, physiological and yield parameters were recorded and analysed statistically. The results revealed that different foliar spray levels had significant influence on pod yield of blackgram. With regard to growth, physiological and yield parameters T6-200 μmol/L melatonin+T3 performed better compared to other treatments. Drought stress reduced the yield to about 52.26% in absolute stress plants compared to the absolute control (Table 6). The combined effect of soil application of rhizobial strain and foliar application of 200 µM melatonin increased the number of pods (25.65) per plant and grain yield (818.70) per plant under drought stress when compared to control plants.
The Historical Role of Agricultural Extension Systems in the Development of Georgian Agriculture
This study discusses the role of agricultural extension systems in the development of Georgian agriculture. The aim of the work is to explain the functions of extension systems and their impact on the historical stages of agriculture, especially during the Soviet period and after independence. Archival material, statistical data and scientific literature are used to assess the development, changes and modern challenges of the systems. The study found that extension systems have made a significant contribution to the dissemination of agricultural knowledge and technologies, increasing production and strengthening the involvement of the rural population. In addition, the challenges that arose in the development of the systems have demonstrated the importance of their role in the vision of a sustainable and innovative agriculture for the future. The work is the basis for state policy and scientific research to determine and implement strategic directions of agricultural development.
Research through Collaboration for Human Welfare
Research may be defined as a systematic inquiry involving investigation, experimentation, and interpretation of facts to discover new knowledge, revise existing theories, or apply knowledge to practical purposes. In the present scientific and technological age, collaboration has become a central feature of research and extension systems. Scientific collaboration enhances efficiency, fosters innovation, and enables the sharing of resources across institutions and communities. With the advancement of the internet, open access, and social media, collaborative research and extension have acquired new configurations, models, and methods. In particular, extension education and rural development programs increasingly depend on multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary approaches, where agricultural sciences, social sciences, and information technologies converge to address complex societal challenges. This paper examines the meaning of research, the role of collaboration, and the significance of cross-disciplinary approaches in strengthening extension systems and knowledge dissemination for sustainable human welfare.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Extension Systems https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Constraints faced by Stakeholders of Agricultural Innovation System in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh, India
The present study was undertaken to identify and analyze the constraints faced by key stakeholders engaged in Agricultural Innovation System across all seven districts of the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 280 respondents were purposively selected, comprising researchers, extensionists, In-charge of NGO, managers of supporting institutions, owners of agro-service providers, and progressive farmers. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using frequency and percentage methods. The findings revealed that researchers faced major challenges such as limited access to funding for high-tech research (97.15%) and complex administrative procedure (48.57%), Extensionists reported poor farmer participation of farmers in extension activities (65.72%), while NGO in-charges cited not aware of advanced/ improved technology (74.28%). Managers of supporting institutions identified market competition (77.14%) as the most pressing issue, whereas agro-service providers emphasized short supply of inputs in critical time (80.00%) and absence of government assistance (75.71%). Progressive farmers highlighted the improved/ latest farm equipment are expensive (94.28%) and lack of location-specific scientific technologies (88.57%). The study concludes that financial constraints, weak institutional support, inadequate training, and poor access to technology are the recurring barriers across all stakeholder categories. Addressing these challenges through policy reforms, capacity building, and stronger institutional linkages is essential to strengthen the agricultural innovation system and accelerate sustainable agricultural development in the Bundelkhand region.
Constraints to Agricultural Marketing Information’ Accessibility among Cassava and Maize Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria
The study examined the constraints to Agricultural Marketing Information (AMI) accessibility among cassava and maize farmers in Oyo State. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 143 respondents. Data on respondents’ access to AMI, purpose and constraint to access AMI, and selected personal characteristics were analysed with percentage, Weighted Mean Score (WMS), Chi-square, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) at 0.05. The result showed that the respondents were adults (65.2%), farming as primary occupation (82.5%), with other sources of income being trading (30.1%). The respondents’ land ownership techniques were the family system (58.0%), with the use of hired labourers (72.0%). The most interpersonal access to AMI was friends and family (WMS=197.9); with the most accessible ICT-based AMI being Radio (WMS=172.0), which was high for 60.1% of the respondents. Pre-planting operation ranked first among the purposes of accessing AMI on farm input sources survey (WMS=181.1), followed by post-harvest AMI on transportation of produce (WMS=166.4) and production AMI on crop cultivation (WMS=158.0). However, the most constraining factor to AMI accessibility was inadequate finance (179.0) and insufficient incentives (160.8); which was low for 51.7% of the respondents. There was a significant relationship between respondents’ secondary occupation (r=34.774), primary occupation (r=19.518), constraint to AMI (r=0.670), and access to AMI. The study concludes that inadequate availability of funds and incentives hinder the respondents’ access to AMI Hence, respondents’ resources should be pulled together for better access to AMI.
A Bibliometric Analysis on the Health Belief Model in Healthcare Workers: Key Insights and Future Directions, an Indian Context
The Health Belief Model (HBM) has served as a fundamental paradigm in health behavior research for more than seventy years, examining the reasons individuals choose or reject preventive health behaviors. This bibliometric analysis investigates the development, trends, and influence of HBM research among healthcare workers, particularly within the Indian context. Data from Dimensions.ai were utilized to investigate 106 pertinent publications from 2004 to 2024, evaluating research growth, citation impact, and multidisciplinary applications. The research indicates a consistent increase in publications, especially in health sciences and biomedical domains, accompanied by a notable gain in citations beyond 2020, signifying enhanced significance in public health and behavioural research. The restricted utilization of HBM in domains including education, environmental sciences, and digital health indicates research deficiencies. The research underscores the necessity of broadening the Health Belief Model to include socio-cultural and economic elements specific to India, including traditional beliefs, familial influence, and healthcare accessibility. Network analysis reveals moderate collaboration among scholars, indicating potential for enhanced interdisciplinary relationships. This study highlights the need for context-specific modifications of the Health Belief Model to improve its efficacy in public health interventions. Enhancing cooperation, incorporating digital health techniques, and overcoming cultural obstacles might elevate healthcare outcomes and policy execution in India.
Silken Threads of Progress: Crafting A Bright Future For Assam’s Sericulture
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the silk industry’s growth in Assam over the past 27 years, focusing on the promotion of sericulture-based entrepreneurship. Assam’s unique silk fabrics have earned global recognition due to their distinctive textures, designs and traditional beauty. While factory-made silk remains in high demand, Assam’s handloom silk retains its allure owing to its individuality and character. Despite this burgeoning demand, Assam’s silk production has struggled to capitalize on its industry potential. This study examines the growth of raw silk production, the functions of the silk value chain, challenges faced by farmers, and strategies for catapulting the silk industry in the state towards greater heights.
Gulmavrikshayurveda: A Treasure for Life and Living
India has always been an agricultural country. Even when the world was living in the forest, we had already developed a Vedic society and we were making progress in technology, industry and trade. Even at that time, we were very progressive in agriculture, the description of which is found in many of our ancient books. In ancient times, many books related to agriculture were written, one of which is “Gulmavrikshayurveda” written by Maharshi Parashar. The book published in Banaras Ayurveda series 114 is edited by Dr. Sri Krishna ‘Jugnu’ and Munna Lal Dakot. In this book, botany and Dietary science have been described, in which proper commentary has also been given along with its original verse and its Hindi translation. The word “Gulmavrikashayurved” has been mentioned in Chanakya’s Arthasastra for the botanical form of the earth. It mainly describes the growth of herbs, creepers and trees growing on earth, their production, the diseases caused in them and their treatment. This book has been written with the aim of promoting forest culture (Forestry). This book is important and useful not only for Botanical scholars but also for Sanskrit scholars and Ayurveda scholars. An attempt has been made to promote vegetarianism among the people through the verses of dietetics propounded in this book. The main two parts of the book “Gulmavrikashayurveda” have been explained. In which, in the last eight chapters of the first part, sutras related to the production of seeds have been given, which describe the process of making seeds, the parts of trees, flowers, fruits and the land suitable seeds. In the second part there are three section present. In which the first Vanaspatikhand, described the characteristics of various floras and their classification in various ways. In the second Gulmakshupakanda, describrs the identification of medicinal plant parts and collection are described and in the third, Ayurvedic section, the treatment of forestry has been discussed. It has also mentioned the suitable land, right time and proper collection methods for the medicinal plants.
Knowledge Test for Agricultural Graduates on Natural farming
Natural farming is a sustainable agricultural approach that primarily focuses on enhancing soil health and minimizing input costs. To gain deeper insights into this emerging practice, it was imperative to develop a knowledge test aimed at assessing the level of understanding among agricultural graduates regarding natural farming. The study was conducted in the State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) of Uttar Pradesh, and the test items were carefully crafted, keeping in mind the academic proficiency of the target respondents. An initial knowledge test comprising 48 items was developed and subjected to a relevancy assessment involving 35 experts in the fields of agronomy and extension education. Based on their evaluations, 40 items were selected for pretesting. These items were then administered to 42 agricultural graduates from locations outside the study area to avoid sampling bias. Following this, an item analysis was conducted to calculate the difficulty index, discrimination index, and point biserial correlation for each item. Items were retained for the final test if they met the following criteria: a difficulty index between 0.20 and 0.80, a discrimination index above 0.10, and a point biserial correlation significant at the 5% level. The reliability of the knowledge test was evaluated using the split-half method, yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.75, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Based on these analyses, a total of 30 items were finalized for the natural farming knowledge test designed for agricultural graduates. This knowledge test serves as a crucial tool to identify and bridge existing knowledge gaps among agricultural graduates. It can be effectively used to inform the design of seminars, workshops, and training programs, thereby equipping future agricultural professionals with accurate and practical knowledge on natural farming.
Exploring the Relationship Between Workplace Stress and Work-Life Bal ance in IT: A Quantitative Analysis of Stress Triggers and Mitigation Strate gies in Hinjewadi, Pune
sector, particularly in Hinjewadi, Pune, a hub for prominent IT companies. This study investigates the causes, impacts, and management of stress among IT professionals, addressing a gap in existing literature. Key stress triggers identified include workload, job insecurity, and inadequate work-life balance, compounded by long commutes and competitive work environments.This research paper investigates the prevalent stress triggers among IT employees in Hinjewadi, Pune, and explores effective stress management techniques. A sample of 250 employees across nine IT industries was analysed using statistical tools, including correlation, regression, t-test, and F-test. The findings provide critical insights into stress patterns and suggest practical management strategies to mitigate stress in the IT workplace.The research employs a structured methodology, including demographic analysis and evaluation of stress management techniques, to provide actionable recommendations. Findings highlight the effectiveness of strategies such as flexible work policies, wellness programs, and counselling services in mitigating workplace stress. This study offers a comprehensive framework for organizations to enhance employee well-being and productivity, promoting a healthier and more resilient workforce in the dynamic IT sector.The findings of this study underscore the necessity for organizations to adopt a multi-faceted approach to stress management. Strategies such as implementing flexible work policies, promoting wellness programs like yoga and meditation, and offering counselling services emerged as highly effective interventions. These measures not only alleviate stress but also foster a culture of resilience and productivity. By equipping employees with time management skills and fostering transparent communication, companies can address both individual and systemic stressors.
Legal Framework Governing Genetically Modified Crops in India: Assess ing Regulatory Gaps
The effective legal structure for regulating genetically modified (GM) crops in India is essential to maintain a balance between agricultural advancements and environmental protection. Every individual has the right to live in a healthy and safe environment, but emerging technologies, such as genetic modifications in agriculture, pose new challenges to these rights. GM crops are increasingly recognized as a potential solution to global food shortages, which are exacerbated by climate change, frequent droughts, floods, and nutritional deficiencies. Through biotechnology, particularly genetic engineering, crops can be enhanced to improve yield efficiency, resist pests and withstand harsh climates. India primarily regulates GM crops under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, with oversight from the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) formulated under 1989 rules. However, despite these frameworks, regulatory gaps persist in biosafety, transparency, and public engagement, raising concerns about unforeseen environmental effects. Unlike the large-scale monoculture farming seen in industrialized nations, India’s diverse and small-scale agricultural system requires a more careful and adaptive approach to GM technology. The interaction between GM crops and native flora presents risks to genetic diversity, especially for species native to India. This paper explores shortcomings in India’s GM crop regulation and judicial perspectives.