Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology
The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (IJVSBT)is published by the Society for Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology (SVSBT) Indore (M.P.) The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology (IJVSBT) is an Open Access online and print journal that publishes Original Articles, Review Articles, Short Communications and Case Reports in all areas of Veterinary Science and its related subjects. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciencesand Biotechnology(IJVSBT) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that aims to publish high quality papers rapidly and makes them freely available to researchers worldwide. Indexed/Tracked/Covered By: NAAS - 5.58 , Base Indexing, CAS (Chemical Abstract Society (Americal Chemical Society)), CABI*, ISA*, EBSCO*, Journal Indexed in Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI) ,Open Archives, Cross Ref., Google scholar, PKP Index, Cite Factor, Indian Citation Index, Jgate,ROAD, WorldCat, ICI, ASI, Scopus-Applied For.
Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology
Surgical Management of Ureteral Calculi in a Female Cat
Ureters in cats have a small internal diameter (0.3-0.4mm), thus predisposing to intraluminal obstruction. Calcium oxalate uroliths are more commonly seen in middle-aged to older cats (Cannon et al., 2007). Upper urinary tract stones can be seen in cats of any breed. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis can be commonly seen in Persian, Himalayan, and Burmese breeds. Treatment options include medical management (MM), surgery, and interventional treatment (Adams et al., 2017). Medical management consists of fluid therapy, ureteral muscle relaxants (e.g., alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists such as prazosin), analgesia, diuretics (e.g., mannitol, furosemide), and corticosteroids (Lekcharoensuk et al., 2005). Surgical removal of ureteroliths is achieved by ureterotomy, ureteroneocystostomy, or pyelolithotomy and carries considerable risks. The exact procedure chosen depends on the location of the ureterolith (Hardie and Kyles, 2004). The most common postoperative complications are urine leakage and persistent ureteral obstruction after surgery. The present case report presents the diagnosis and management of ureteral calculi in a cat.
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Radiographic Evaluation of Osteochondral Defect Repair using a Tissue-Engineered Scaffold with and without Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rabbits
The regeneration of osteochondral defects remains a major clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of articular cartilage and the structural complexity of the osteochondral unit. Simultaneous regeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone with seamless integration at their interface is required for the effective repair. The current study was carried out to develop and evaluate an effective tissue engineered scaffold with or without bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) for regeneration of osteochondral defects. An in vivo study was carried out in New Zealand white rabbits (n=24) randomly distributed into 3 groups as per the treatment protocol. Standardized osteochondral defects were created in the trochlear groove of the left distal femur. The radiographic evaluation on day 45 post surgery revealed moderate increase in radiopacity in both groups II and III, while substantial increase in defect radiopacity was seen at day 90. At day 90 radiographic characteristics had improved compared to day 45 in test scaffold as well as BM-MSC seeded scaffold group animals compared to the untreated group animals. Radiographic evaluation corroborated these findings, demonstrating progressive defect filling, restoration of surface contour, and gradual mineralization of subchondral bone without pathological changes. These findings suggest that the developed scaffold, particularly when combined with BM-MSCs, effectively supports osteochondral regeneration.
Bone marrow MS cells, Osteochondral defect, Rabbit, Scaffold.
Histopathological Alterations Associated with Cestode Infections in Backyard Poultry of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh
The study investigated gross and histopathological alterations associated with cestode infections in backyard poultry of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. A total of 702 gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) from desi (indigenous) chickens were collected from local slaughter points and examined for endoparasites. Organs showing cestode infection were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed by paraffin embedding, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for microscopic evaluation. Cestode infection was detected in all examined birds (100%), either as single or mixed infections. The predominant species identified were Cotugnia digonopora, Raillietina spp., Davainea proglottina, and Amoebotaenia sphenoides. Grossly, infected intestines showed congestion, mucosal thickening, luminal obstruction, and focal petechiae. Microscopically, lesions included epithelial desquamation, villous atrophy, glandular degeneration, and infiltration of lymphocytes, mononuclear cells, and eosinophils around embedded scolices, along with congestion and cellular debris in the lumen. The findings indicate that cestode infections are highly prevalent and pathogenic in free-ranging desi fowl, hence regular deworming and improved management practices are essential to minimize economic losses in backyard poultry systems.
Andhra Pradesh, Backyard poultry, Cestodes, Cotugnia digonopora, Histopathology.
Clinical Management of Kumri in Goats and the Impact of Antimicrofilarial Therapies on Pregnancy
This report describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of ‘Microfilariasis (Kumri)’ or ‘Posterior paralysis’ in 17 female goats, including 11 pregnant, over one year. Affected animals showed ataxia, circling, hind limb edema, fever, anorexia, nasal discharge, and skin lesions. Diagnosis was based on clinical signs, eosinophilia, and detection of microfilariae in peripheral blood using the Modified Knott’s Test. Among them 8 goats received subcutaneous Ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg) weekly for three weeks and 9 received a single oral dose of Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC, 40 mg/kg). Ivermectin led to gradual recovery without adverse effects on pregnancy. DEC produced rapid recovery within 5-7 days but caused pregnancy loss in 33% of treated pregnant goats (2/6). The findings emphasize balancing efficacy and reproductive safety: DEC is fast-acting but risky during pregnancy, while Ivermectin is safer for fetal viability despite a slower response.
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), Goat, Ivermectin, Kumri, Microfilaria, Pregnancy.
Development of Ground Chicken Sausages Incorporated with Betel (Piper betel) Leaves Powder
The study was aimed to optimize betel (Piper betel) leaf powder (PbLP) levels for ground chicken sausages. Betel leaves are rich in antioxidants and contains vitamins, fiber, protein, minerals, essential oils, phenyl propane, diaste, kavibetol, cyneole, and calcium which are beneficial to the body. The ground chicken sausages were prepared by incorporating PbLP at 0 (Control), 0.5 (T1), 1 (T2), and 1.5 (T3) percent with the replacement of equal amount of ground chicken. The PbLP powder was prepared by grinding and sieving of cleaned and dried betel leaves in a hot air oven at 50ºC for 3 h. The proximate composition, physico-chemical, and sensory analysis was done for all the groups. The results showed that the pH, and sensory attributes significantly decreased with the increase in PbLP content in the sausages. The protein content of the PbLP containing chicken sausages of all treatments was significantly higher compared to control. At the same time, moisture, fat, ash, cooking yield, and emulsion stability were non-significantly affected by the use of the higher level of PbLP. The results of the study showed that sausages incorporated with 0.5% PbLP performed best overall, comparable to the control in all quality parameters while offering superior nutritive value.
Chicken fat, Chicken sausages, Emulsion stability, Piper betel leaves, Sensory attributes
Digestibility, Nutritive Value and Nutrient Intake of Total Mixed Ration Incorporated with Rumen Protected and Free Lysine Methionine in Crossbred Heifer Calves
The effect of limiting amino acids (lysine, methionine) on nutrients intake and digestibility was assessed in crossbred heifer calves in four groups of five each for 126 days. The control T1 (control) total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated to have 14.47 % CP, 2.10 Mcal ME/ kg, while T2, T3 and T4 ration had 12.98, 13.24 & 12.99% CP, respectively and same 2.10 Mcal ME/kg. The T2 TMR incorporated 6 and 2 g/ kg dry matter (DM), rumen-protected lysine and methionine, respectively. In T3 ration, the rumen protected lysine and methionine and free lysine and methionine incorporation was @ 6, 2, 3, 1 g/kg DM, and that in T4 ration 3, 1, 3, 1 g/kg DM, respectively. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre was statistically (p>0.05) similar among all groups. The digestibility of ether extract and crude fibre was significantly improved in T4 and T3 groups of calves receiving rumen-protected and free lysine and methionine compared to control T1, while T2 remained intermediate. The nutritive value in terms of digestible crude protein (DCP) and actual metabolizable energy (AME) was also better of T4 TMR. The nutrient intakes were significantly higher in lysine, methionine supplemented groups (T2, T3, T4), except for digestible crude protein, which was lower, and a consistent significant value was observed in T4 group. The supplementation of rumen-protected and free lysine–methionine (3, 1 g/kg DM TMR, respectively) in reduced protein T4 TMR showed improved ether extract and crude fibre digestibility, superior nutritive value (DCP, AME) of total mixed ration and consistently superior intake of key digestible nutrients in crossbred heifer calves.
Crossbred calves, Digestibility of nutrients, Nutrients intake, Nutritive value, Rumen-protected and free lysine and methionine, Total mixed ration.
Role of Oocyte Quality in Determining Cryosurvival of In Vitro Produced Cattle Embryos
The study was conducted over a six-month period at OPU-IVEP-ET Facility of the National Dairy Development Board, Anand. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were retrieved from Gir, Sahiwal and Holstein Friesian crossbred donor cows and heifers, with and without ovarian stimulation, using transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up (OPU). Recovered oocytes were morphologically graded according to IETS guidelines and subjected to standard in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture protocols. Based on oocyte quality and ovarian stimulation status, oocytes were categorized into four groups: Group 1 (Grade 1-2 oocytes from non-stimulated donors), Group 2 (Grade 3-4 oocytes from non-stimulated donors), Group 3 (FSH-stimulated donors with pooled oocytes) and Group D (Pooled non-stimulated-control group). Embryo developmental competence was assessed using cleavage rate, embryo development rate (EDR), freezable embryo percentage and discarded embryo percentage. Morphologically transferable embryos (Code 1 and 2) were cryopreserved using a slow-freezing protocol, and post-thaw survivability was evaluated after 24 h of in vitro culture. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and pair-wise Chi-square test. Cleavage rate and EDR were numerically higher (p > 0.05) in all experimental groups compared to group D. Group 3 exhibited the highest proportion of freezable embryos (90.25 ± 6.03%) and the lowest discard rate (9.74 ± 6.03%), indicating superior embryo quality. Post-thaw survivability was also highest in Group 3 (71.43%), followed by Group 1 (68.97%), Group D (60.00%) and Group 2 (54.17%), though no significant differences were observed among groups (p > 0.05). The findings indicate that embryo quality parameters, particularly freezable embryo proportion and discard rate, are more sensitive indicators of developmental competence and cryotolerance than cleavage rate or EDR alone. Optimization of oocyte quality and follicular environment, especially through ovarian stimulation, enhances embryo freezing suitability and post-thaw viability in bovine IVEP programs.
Cattle, Cryopreservation, Cryotolerance, In vitro embryo production, Oocyte quality, Ovum pick-up.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Arginine on Performance of Commercial Broiler Chicken
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary arginine supplementation on the performance of commercial broiler chickens. A total of 144 straight run day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six treatment groups with four replicates per treatment. Each replicate was having six chicks, resulting in 24 chicks per treatment group. Six experimental diets (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) were formulated and fed as starter (0-10 days), grower (11-21 days) and finisher (22-42 days) diets. The basal diet formulated according to BIS (2024) specifications was considered as the control (T1) without arginine supplementation, while diets T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 were prepared by supplementing arginine at 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%, respectively. The parameters studied included body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), livability, and return over feed cost. During the early growth phase, higher levels of arginine supplementation (0.4% and 0.5%) significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight and body weight gain and improved FCR, while at 42 days of age, an apparent improvement in body weight, body weight gain and FCR was observed in the arginine supplemented groups. Economically, diets containing 0.4% and 0.5% arginine were more beneficial compared to the control diet
Arginine supplementation, Commercial broilers, Economics. Feed efficiency, Growth performance.
Early Identification of Renal Disease in Dogs with Suspected Renal Insult using Haemato-Biochemical, Urinary, and Advanced Biomarker Profiling
Renal disease represents a common and clinically important disorder in dogs, often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early renal insult frequently remains undetected when diagnosis relies solely on conventional markers such as serum creatinine, which may not increase until substantial nephron loss has occurred. Consequently, early identification of renal dysfunction is essential to enable timely therapeutic intervention, slow disease progression, and improve clinical outcomes. The present study was undertaken to assess the diagnostic value of an integrated approach combining haemato-biochemical parameters, urinary indices, and advanced renal biomarker profiling for the early identification and characterization of renal disease in dogs with suspected renal insult. Twenty five middle-aged to geriatric dogs presenting with clinical conditions known to predispose renal injury were enrolled. Dogs suffering from gastrointestinal, urinary, hepatic and miscellaneous systemic disorders demonstrated varying degrees of renal involvement during the monitoring period. Clinical examination, haemato-biochemical profiling, urinalysis, urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), urine microalbumin and serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) were evaluated on day 1 and subsequently monitored on days 45 and 90. A mild elevation in urine microalbumin and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations was detected in a subset of dogs upon successive evaluation on days 45 and 90. The findings demonstrated that combined assessment of haemato-biochemical parameters, urinary indices, and advanced biomarkers provides a sensitive and comprehensive approach for early identification of renal disease in dogs with suspected renal insult. Incorporation of advanced biomarker profiling alongside conventional diagnostics can facilitate earlier diagnosis, guide clinical decision-making, and potentially improve renal outcomes in canine patients.
Dogs, Renal insufficiency, Early renal biomarkers, Proteinuria, SDMA,
Antimicrobial Resistance and Detection of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Genes in Klebsiella Isolated from Buffalo Milk and Farm Environment
Klebsiella is an emerging pathogen of one health importance. It is ubiquitously distributed in environment as well as associated with humans and animals infections. Three hundred samples were collected for bacteriological isolation and identification of Klebsiella from buffalo mastitic milk and farm environment. All Klebsiella isolates were tested for susceptibility to 15 antibiotics belonging to different classes by disc diffusion method. Extended spectrum beta lactam (ESBL) Klebsiella and ESBL genes were also detected phenotypically by combined disc diffusion test and PCR, respectively. Klebsiella spp. were isolated from 15 (5.00%) out of 300 samples. Prevalence of both Klebsiella spp. and K. pneumoniae in buffaloes and farm environment was 4.66 and 5.33 %, respectively. All the Klebsiella isolates were simultaneously resistant towards 2 to 8 antibiotics. Eight isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). Two ESBL genes, viz., bla TEM and bla SHV were detected among 15 Klebsiella isolates and the prevalence was found to be 26.66 and 53.33 %, respectively. None of the bacterial isolates were positive for bla DHAM and bla CTX-M gene. It was recorded that multiple drug resistance (MDR) strains of Klebsiella and K. pneumoniae were prevalent in buffaloes and farm environment.
Antibiotic, ARGs, ESBL, Klebsiella, MDR.
Effect of Intrauterine Probiotic Therapy on Fertility, Biochemical and Immunological Parameters in Subclinical Endometritis Affected Repeat Breeding Gir Cows
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of probiotic therapy on fertility performance and associated biochemical and immunological parameters in subclinical endometritis (SCE) affected repeat breeding Gir cows. SCE affected cows (n=10 each) were allotted into probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum, 10¹¹ cfu/30 mL saline, I/U once), antibiotic (ciprofloxacin 30 mL, I/U, thrice at 24 h interval), positive control (normal saline, 30 mL I/U once), and healthy control (no intervention) groups. Fertility response was assessed through conception rate up to three inseminations, while biochemical and immunological changes were evaluated at estrus before treatment, on day 5, and at subsequent estrus. The cumulative conception rate over three inseminations was highest in the probiotic treated group (70.00%), followed by healthy control (60.00%) and ciprofloxacin treated group (50.00%), whereas the untreated SCE group recorded the lowest conception rate (20.00%). Probiotic treated cows showed significant improvement (p<0.05) in blood glucose, total protein, calcium, and progesterone concentrations, along with a significant reduction (p<0.05) in serum urea levels.Immunological evaluation revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum interleukin-10 and serum amyloid-A concentrations in probiotic and antibiotic treated groups, indicating reduced uterine inflammatory response. The probiotic group consistently exhibited better biochemical recovery and fertility performance compared to untreated SCE cows.The study concludes that intrauterine probiotic therapy using Lactobacillus plantarum significantly improves reproductive efficiency, metabolic status, and inflammatory profile in subclinical endometritis affected repeat breeding Gir cows.
Antibiotic, Biochemical profile, Fertility, Gir cows, Probiotic, Subclinical endometritis.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Seeds on the Performance of Commercial Broiler Chickens
This experiment was performed to determine the impact of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds as a natural growth promoter on the growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of commercial broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four day-old broiler chicks (Ven Cobb) were randomly assigned into 6 treatments, each treatment comprised of 4 replicates with a total of 24 chicks per treatment. The experiment was carried out for a duration of 42 days. The dietary treatments included a control diet (T1) and T2 supplemented with 0.01% Antibiotic growth promoter in the basal diet. The remaining experimental diets T3, T4, T5 and T6 were supplemented with black cumin seeds powder at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% of the basal diet, respectively. The final mean body weight and body weight gain of birds fed with T5 diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the birds fed with the T2 diet. However, T3, T4 and T6 were at par with T5 group, while T1 was at par with T2 group. Basal diet supplemented with antibiotic growth promoter (T2) resulted in the lowest body weight and body weight gain at the end of experiment. There was no significant difference in feed consumption among the birds fed with different dietary treatments. The mean feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds fed with T2 diet was significantly (p<0.05) higher than all other treatments, indicating least efficient FCR, while most improved FCR was recorded in T5 group. The highest livability was observed in T4 and T5 as compared to T1, T2, T3 and T6 groups. The highest return over feed cost (ROFC) was obtained in the birds fed with T3 (0.5 % black cumin seeds) diet followed by T1, T4, T5, T2 and T6 diet, respectively.
Antibiotic growth promoter, Black cumin seeds, Broilers, FCR, Growth performance, ROFC
Faecal Cortisol Levels in Captive Asian Elephants: Associations with Facility Features, Physical Attributes and Foot Disorders
Captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are often subjected to chronic stress due to restricted movement, limited exercise, monotonous routines and confinement, all of which can compromise their health and welfare. Assessing stress through non-invasive biomarkers such as faecal cortisol provides valuable insights into their physiological well-being under different management systems. This study evaluated faecal cortisol concentrations in 46 captive elephants maintained under various management systems across Tamil Nadu, India. Physical parameters, body condition scores, housing facilities and foot disorders were recorded. Foot disorders were classified into nail, cuticle, sole, pad lesions and structural deformities. Faecal cortisol concentrations were estimated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The mean faecal cortisol level was 243.96 ± 17.08 ng/g, ranging from 85.14 to 553.24 ng/g. Cortisol concentrations varied significantly between locations, with elephants from Tirunelveli showing higher levels (317.91 ± 50.0 ng/g) compared to those from Trichy and Thanjavur (193.79 ± 34.78 ng/g). A significant negative correlation was observed between faecal cortisol and body condition score, while no correlation was found with age or body weight. Elephants with structural deformities exhibited significantly higher cortisol concentrations (413.33 ± 69.80 ng/g; p<0.01) than those without. The findings suggest that chronic foot disorders, suboptimal housing and inadequate management practices contribute to elevated stress levels in captive elephants. Regular monitoring of faecal cortisol, combined with improved husbandry and foot care, can enhance welfare and inform targeted management strategies for captive elephant conservation in India.
Captive Asian elephants, Faecal cortisol, Foot disorders, Stress.
Evaluation of Cardiac Troponin Levels, and Electrolyte Changes Associated with Electrocardiographic Alterations in Diarrheic Kankrej Cattle Calves
The present study was undertaken from February 2024 to July 2024 at Livestock Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India on Kankrej calves (n=20) up to 2 months of age suffering from diarrhea. The diarrheal calves were equally divided into two treatment groups T1 and T2 (n=1 0 each), and a group of healthy calves (n=10) served as control for comparison of the findings. Both diseased and control animals were evaluated for serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), electrolytes Na, K & Cl, and ECG parameters before (day 0) and on day 10 after treatment. Therapeutic interventions such as antibiotics (as per ABST results) and fluid therapy (NSS & RL) were continued in both T1 and T2 groups until the clinical signs resolved. Additionally, the T2 group received probiotic supplementation containing Lactobacillus sporogenes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Electrolytes Na, K & Cl imbalance was observed during this study. After treatment, sodium and chloride levels increased in both groups, while potassium levels significantly decreased (p<0.05) in Group T2 (treated with probiotics). Compared to the healthy control group (C). A significant (p<0.05) increase in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was recorded in diarrheic calves (255.60 ± 23.76 vs. 224.80 ± 34.47 ng/L), which after treatment reduced significantly (p<0.05) in both groups T1 and T2, indicating the impact on cardiac biomarkers in diarrheic calves. Electrocardiography recorded a significant (p<0.05) increase in QRS duration and T-wave amplitude in both the groups of diarrheic calves.
Cardiac troponin, Electrocardiography, Electrolytes, Kankrej calves.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Approaches for Canine Demodicosis with Microscopic and Haemato-Biochemical Assessment
Demodectic mange is a clinically significant parasitic dermatosis in dogs and represents one of the most common dermatological presentations in veterinary practice in India. The present randomized controlled clinical study was conducted to assess the diagnostic reliability of deep skin scraping and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin, amitraz, and their combination in 48 naturally infected dogs exhibiting alopecia, erythema, crusting, pruritus and pustular dermatitis. Diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic detection of Demodex canis, identifiable by its elongated cigar-shaped body and short legs. Dogs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups each of 16 dogs: ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg PO daily) monotherapy, amitraz (0.05% weekly dip) monotherapy, and combined ivermectin amitraz therapy. Supportive care included benzoyl peroxide shampoo twice weekly and systemic antibiotics when pyoderma was detected. Clinical and parasitological response was monitored biweekly for 8 weeks, and haemato-biochemical analysis on 0 (before), 4 and 8 week of therapy. The combination group demonstrated a significantly higher cure rate (87.5%) with rapid reduction in mite load and lesion severity, compared to ivermectin alone (69%) and amitraz alone (50%) including reversal of haemato-biochemical alterations. Relapse was lowest in the combination group. Deep skin scraping proved an effective diagnostic and monitoring tool. The findings support multimodal therapy as the most effective clinical strategy for managing generalized demodicosis under field conditions.
Amitraz, Canine, Demodex canis, Haemato-biochemical profile, Ivermectin, Mange, Microscopy.
Coproprevalence of Canine Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections with Emphasis on Echinococcus granulosus in Stray Dogs
Present study was undertaken to explore the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the stray dogs of Ludhiana district of Punjab state, India. A total of 240 faecal samples were collected from stray dogs residing in or near urban areas, near animal post-mortem hall/ slaughter houses and from canine birth control center. Conventional parasitological examination of faecal samples revealed 106(44.16%) samples positive for parasitic eggs/ova. Single parasitic infections (30.83%) were found to be more common than multiple parasitic infections (13.75%). Among different type of enteric parasites, coproprevalence of hookworms was found to be highest (12%) followed by coccidian/ Isosopra oocysts (7.9%), mixed infection of hookworm + Toxocara (6.0%), Toxocara (5.8%), mixed infection of hookworm+ Trichuris + Coccidia (4.1%), Trichuris (2.9%), hookworm + Coccidia (2.9%), taenid eggs (1.6%) and least prevalence of Dipylidium caninum (0.8%) was recorded in the present study. The prevalence of Taeniid eggs were higher in stray dogs near post-mortem hall (6.6%) followed by dogs in urban areas (1.7 %) and least in dogs from birth control center (0.8%). Coproantigen ELISA was performed on 92 faecal samples, which revealed prevalence of 19.5% of E. granulossus in stray dogs. Moreover, the prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus was significantly (p=0.0138) higher in dogs near post-mortem halls and slaughter houses compared to other locations. The high prevalence of zoonotic GI parasites among stray dogs indicates a potential threat to human health. Echinococcus eggs can remain viable in the environment for several months to over a year, hence, it is essential to implement effective measures to prevent the cystic echinococcosis in both animals and humans. There is an urgent need to implement regular anthelmintic treatment programs (possibly integrated with rabies vaccination campaigns) to control the spread of zoonotic helminthic parasitic infections from stray dogs to the people.
Dogs, Echinococcus granulosus, Gastrointestinal parasitic infections, Zoonosis.
Effect of Sperm Preparation Methods on In-vitro Fertilization of Goat Oocytes
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different sperm preparation methods, viz., Percoll density gradient, Swim up and Simple Washing by centrifugation, on in-vitro fertilization (IVF) of goat oocytes. Ovaries obtained from slaughtered goats were used to recover cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) by the slicing method, and oocytes were graded based on cumulus cell layers and cytoplasmic characteristics. Grade A and B oocytes were selected for in-vitro maturation (IVM) and then subjected to IVF using spermatozoa processed through the three preparation methods. Fertilization efficiency was assessed after in-vitro culture. Among the treatments, percoll density gradient yielded the highest cleavage rate (51.11 ± 3.15%), followed by swim up (45.47 ± 4.27%) and simple washing (38.56 ± 3.98%) (p<0.05). These findings indicate that sperm preparation technique significantly influences IVF outcome in goats, emphasizing the importance of sperm functional quality over numerical sperm recovery.
Goat oocytes, In-vitro Fertilization, Percoll, Swim up, Sperm preparation.
Assessing the Quality of Fresh Chicken Meat in Tray Packaging: A Comparative Study of Various Wrap Films in Refrigerated Storage
The final stage of the food production chain and the initial stage of product marketing is packaging. An investigation was carried out to assess the impact of different packaging materials, specifically Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) on the quality and safety characteristics of fresh chicken meat held at a temperature of 4±1°C. The study analyzed various physicochemical parameters including pH, ERV, drip loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force, TBARS value, tyrosine value, water activity, total volatile basic nitrogen and instrumental colour. Additionally, sensory and microbiological parameters such as total plate count (TPC), yeast and mold count (YMC), coliform count (CC), and psychrophilic count (PC) were examined. These parameters were monitored at 3-day intervals for a period of 9 days. The tray-packaged chicken meat remained acceptable for a period of 6 days when wrapped with HDPE film, as against 3 days in case of the other wrap films. Nevertheless, among the various films being investigated in this research, tray-packaged chicken meat sealed with HDPE film showed better physicochemical, sensory and microbiological quality characteristics when compared with other wrap films. Therefore, it can be concluded that the food-grade polypropylene trays containing fresh chicken meat sealed with HDPE film would have a shelf-life of 6 days at 4±1°C with superior keeping qualities.
Chicken Meat, Physicochemical and Sensory attributes, Refrigerated storage, Tray Packaging, Wrap films.
In Vivo Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Reducing Milk Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Cattle
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in livestock feed poses a significant risk to animal health and dairy product safety due to its conversion to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. This study evaluated the efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in mitigating aflatoxin toxicity and reducing AFM1 carry-over in milk of lactating Sahiwal cows. Twenty cows, uniform in body weight (400-500 kg), lactation number (3-6), and early lactation stage (1-4 months), were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Animals in T1 group received basal feed (TMR), while T2-T4 groups received Saccharomyces cerevisiae in feed @ 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20%, respectively. Milk yield, AFM1 excretion, carry over rate, somatic cell count (SCC), biochemical, and haematological parameters were measured. Yeast supplementation significantly improved dry matter intake and milk yield, reduced AFM1 excretion and carry-over rate, and decreased SCC (p<0.05). Biochemical and haematological parameters indicated alleviation of aflatoxin-induced hepatic damage and suppression of red and white blood cells. The highest efficacy was observed at 0.1-0.2% yeast inclusion. These findings demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae effectively reduces AFM1 contamination in milk while improving animal performance and health, offering a practical strategy for enhancing milk safety in aflatoxin-exposed dairy systems.
Aflatoxin B1, Aflatoxin M1, Dairy cattle, Milk safety, Mycotoxin detoxification Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Evaluation of IS900 PCR for Detection and IS1311 PCR via Restriction Enzyme Analysis for Strain Typing of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Ruminant Fecal Samples
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic granulamatous infectious enteritis known as Johne’s disease in ruminants and is characterized by progressive diarrhea, weight loss, and reduced productivity. MAP shedding in feces makes fecal samples valuable for diagnostic screening. Based on clinical symptoms, 220 fecal samples from cattle and buffaloes with a history of chronic diarrhea were collected. Each sample was stained with Ziehl- Neelsen staining technique to detect acid fast positive bacteria. The DNA was collected from highly acid fast bacterial samples and was subjected to isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Out of 71 acid fast bacterial samples; 22 were highly acid fast positive. Only 2 samples were found to be positive in isolation for MAP. DNA from these isolates were then extracted and subjected to IS900 PCR hence, confirming the presence of MAP in the samples. The positive samples were also subjected to IS1311 PCR and were analyzed by Restriction enzyme analysis (REA). The PCR-REA confirmed the presence of ‘Cattle type’ of strain of the two isolates. Sequence analysis further demonstrated a high degree of similarity between the two isolates and strong phylogenetic identity with previously reported global MAP sequences, with the highest similarity (99.3%) to a Chinese MAP isolate (MW546854_China).
IS900 PCR, IS1311 PCR, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, PCR-REA, Phylogenetic analysis.
Molecular Detection and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of S. aureus Isolates from Fish Samples of Retail Outlets in Tirupati Town
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the ESKAPE pathogen which is widely recognized for antibiotic resistance and responsible for food poisoning. Inadequate hygienic practices at fish market act as a source for the transmission of S. aureus from fish meat to human. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of S. aureus from retail meat outlets in Tirupati. A total of 120 fish meat samples were collected and examined for S. aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using cultural and molecular methods. Of the 120 samples, 38 (31.6%) were found positive by culture methods and 21(17.5%) were confirmed as S. aureus by targeting the nuc gene using PCR. These 21 isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed for oxacillin (100%), followed by ciprofloxacin (86%). Presence of mecA gene was detected among 16 isolates. Sea food contaminated with MRSA accelerates the spread of drug resistant strains resulting in significant public health concerns.
Fish, Fish meat, mecA, MRSA. nuc, S. aureus.
Detection of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli from Human Faecal Samples by Multiplex PCR
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection occurs via the faecal-oral route and results in symptoms ranging from mild uncomplicated diarrhoea to severe bloody diarrhoea. It’s complications can be fatal especially among patients with severe renal and neurological disorders. Resistance against different antibiotics by STEC is also a big concern now a days. Hence, present study was planned with a total of 220 human faecal samples (farm workers: cattle- 30, buffalo- 30, sheep- 20, goat-20, pig- 20, poultry- 50, and diarrheic patients attended to the hospital- 50) of different ages collected from different livestock farms in Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh and surrounding villages. Samples were subjected to isolation and identification of E. coli. The E. coli isolated were characterized by PCR as STEC using primers for two genes, i.e.,stx1 and stx2. All the STEC isolates were subjected to ABST by using ten different antibiotic discs. Out of 220 human faecal samples, 216 (98.18%) were positive for E. coli by cultural method and 57.8% for STEC by PCR. On Muller-Hinton agar STEC isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin, cepahlothin (100% each) followed by tetracycline (98.4%), streptomycin (95.2%), sulphonamides (91.2%), trimethoprim (84.8%), kanamycin (36%), while highly sensitive to gentamicin (84.8%), followed by colistin (82.4%), chloromphenicol (62.4%), kanamycin (51.2%). The high prevalence of E. coli among farm animal workers further suggests the significant role of faeco-oral transmission as animals are the reservoir for this organism. By taking proper personal hygienic measures faeco-oral transmission can be minimized.
Escherichia coli, PCR, Shiga toxin, STEC.
Infrared Thermography as a Non-Invasive Supportive Diagnostic Tool for Subclinical Hypocalcaemia in Frieswal Dairy Cows during the Transition Period
Subclinical hypocalcaemia (SCH) remains a pervasive and underdiagnosed metabolic disorder in high-yielding dairy cows, contributing to compromised postpartum health and productivity. This study investigates the utility of infrared thermography (IRT) as a non-invasive physiological indicator for the early detection of SCH in Frieswal cows during the transition period under subtropical climatic conditions in India. A total of 22 pregnant Frieswal cows were monitored from 7 (±1) days prepartum to 7 days postpartum. Animals were classified as normocalcaemic (≥8.0 mg/dL) or SCH (6.0-8.0 mg/dL) based on serum calcium concentrations. The highest incidence of SCH occurred on the day of calving (day 0, 68%) and the third postpartum day (64%), with 27% of cows persistently hypocalcaemic across both timepoints. Thermal imaging was conducted using a calibrated high-resolution infrared camera targeting ear surfaces, and rectal temperature (RT) was recorded. On day 0, SCH cows had significantly lower serum calcium (6.80 ± 0.10 mg/dL) and average ear surface temperature (100.60 ± 0.40 °F) compared to normocalcaemic cows. Strong negative correlations (r = –0.91 to –0.96) were observed between serum calcium and IRT parameters, (RT), and temperature-humidity index (THI) on day 0. By day 3, these relationships reversed, yielding strong positive correlations (r = 0.97 to 0.99). IRT parameters remained consistently correlated with RT and THI (r = 0.92–0.96). These findings underscore the diagnostic value of IRT as a real-time, non-invasive tool for early SCH identification. This approach offers a practical solution for integrating precision livestock farming technologies into metabolic health monitoring protocols, particularly in tropical dairy production systems where heat stress amplifies physiological vulnerabilities.
Infrared thermography, Frieswal cows, Postpartum, Subclinical hypocalcaemia.
Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor Supplementation and Different Fertilization Media on In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization of Goat Oocytes
The present study evaluated the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) and different fertilization media on nuclear maturation and fertilization rates of goat oocytes. Ovaries were collected from a local abattoir and oocytes were recovered by the slicing method. A total of 386 grade A and B oocytes were selected and matured in two media: medium I (TCM‑199 + FSH 1 µg/mL + hCG 20 IU/mL + Estradiol 1 µg/mL + Gentamicin 50 µg/mL + 10% EGS -Estrus Goat Serum) and medium II (medium I + EGF -Epidermal Growth Factor, 20 ng/mL). Oocytes were incubated for 27 h at 38.5°C with 5% CO2 in incubator. A proportion of the oocytes was fixed and stained with 1% aceto‑orcein to assess nuclear maturation to metaphase II (M II). The remaining oocytes were fertilized in three different media (Fert‑TALP, BO‑IVF and SOF) using fresh buck semen for 18 h, and total penetration (2 pronuclei plus polyspermy) was evaluated. The proportion of oocytes reaching M II was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the EGF‑supplemented group than in the control (52.13 ± 3.19% vs. 16.16 ± 0.50%, respectively). Among EGF‑matured oocytes, total penetration rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in BO‑IVF medium (73.75 ± 5.25%) than in Fert‑TALP (47.72 ± 7.14%) and SOF (20.98 ± 7.79%). In conclusion, supplementation of IVM medium with EGF combined with fertilization in BO‑IVF medium improves nuclear maturation and fertilization rates of goat oocytes and may be beneficial for in vitro embryo production.
BO-IVF, EGF, Fert-TALP, Goat oocytes, In vitro fertilisation In vitro maturation, SOF
Bovine Tuberculosis in Endemic India: Epidemiology and the Evolving Role of Skin Testing in Disease Detection
Mycobacterium bovis conferring Tuberculosis in bovines, a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtbc) complex, is a persistent major threat to bovines with significant zoonotic propositions. Tuberculosis in milch animals is a potential hazard to the Indian dairy industry as the disease consequents in mortality, morbidity and production decline leading to significant economic down-curves. Hence, the continuous monitoring is the option of choice to combat the situation including surveillance and disease control tests, viz., cell-mediated immune (CMI) dependent assays (Tuberculin skin tests (TST): single intradermal test (SID) or comparative/double intradermal test (DIT)). But in contrast, estimation of true burden of the disease still remains unknown due to the lack of proper routine surveillance data. This review projects along with different aspects of bovine TB, summary of various studies performed in different parts of India covering 20 states and union territories where skin testing of the animals have been preferred as the major test inferring a view of the prevalence-picture of these areas. Furthermore, implementation of various control programs at both national and international level with acceleration in research velocity could lead in succeeding the present challenges.
Bovine tuberculosis, Endemicity, Intradermal test, M. bovis, Zoonosis.
Effect of Egg Yolk-Derived Low-Density Lipoprotein and Melatonin Supplementation on Post-Thaw Semen Quality of Salem Black Bucks
The aim of this study was to evaluate egg yolk-derived low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as a semen extender and melatonin as an antioxidant in goat semen cryopreservation by assessing post-thaw semen quality parameters. Semen ejaculates (n=24) were collected twice weekly from Salem Black bucks (n=2) using an artificial vagina. After preliminary evaluation, screened pooled samples were extended using six different extenders: Tris–egg yolk–glycerol extender (control), Tris–6% LDL–glycerol extender (Group 2), Tris–8% LDL–glycerol extender (Group 3), control with 0.5 mM melatonin (Group 4), control with 1 mM melatonin (Group 5), and Tris–8% LDL–glycerol extender with 0.5 mM melatonin (Group 6). Semen samples were diluted according to the appropriate dilution rate, filled into straws, and cryopreserved at -196 °C following standard protocols. Physiological characteristics of fresh, freshly diluted (22 °C), pre-freeze (5 °C), and post-thaw semen were evaluated on days 0, 7, and 30 of cryostorage. Post-thaw evaluation on day 30 of cryostorage revealed significantly higher (p < 0.01) progressive motility, sperm livability, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosomal integrity, with values of 54.50%, 57.33%, 54.50%, and 51.33%, respectively, in the treatment group 6 followed by group 4 than others. The results indicate that the extender replacing egg yolk with 8% LDL and supplemented with melatonin 0.5 mM is effective for semen preservation in Salem Black bucks. Melatonin improved post-thaw semen quality by reducing oxidative damage during cryopreservation.
Buck semen, Cryopreservation, LDL, Melatonin, Semen quality.
Surgical Repair of Recto-Vaginal Tear from Dystocia in a Thoroughbred Mare: A Case Report
Rectovaginal fistula (RVF) is an abnormal communication between the rectum and vagina, often resulting from foaling trauma in mares, such as dystocia caused by malpositioned foals (Pooniya et al., 2019). The injury is seen predominantly in primiparous mares and is usually due to violent expulsive efforts by the mare (Colbern et al., 1985; Turner and McIlwraith, 1989). This condition risks reproductive tract infections, potentially impairing fertility, a critical concern for Thoroughbred breeding farms (LeBlanc, 2010). In India, where Thoroughbreds are bred under live cover regulations and tropical conditions, RVF management is vital to minimize economic losses (Scoggin et al., 2015). Surgical repair, typically using layered suturing, is the standard treatment, with reported high success rates (Easley, 1988; Jalim and McKinnon, 2010). This case report describes the successful surgical correction of a recto-vaginal tear in a primiparous Thoroughbred mare from stud farm, Karnataka, aiming to highlight effective management strategies and their relevance to India’s equine industry.
Per-Vaginal Delivery of Dicephalic Perosomus Elumbis Monster by Partial Fetotomy in a Cow
Dystocia, a challenging condition in obstetrics, can arise from various causes, including fetal monsters with structural abnormalities. Congenital fetal monstrosities are not uncommon clinical findings in dairy cattle where multiple anatomical defects could be found in the fetal monsters. Although, the exact etiologies for these conditions are not known but their clinical presentation sometimes causes life threatening condition to the dam along with the loss of calf crop. The most common group of monsters is conjoined twins which arise from incomplete division from fertilized ovum. Dicephalic is described as an abnormality of incomplete separation of heads resulting from twinning in animals. Perosomus elumbis is a rarely occurring congenital condition characterized with partial or complete agenesis of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae and ankylosis of hind limbs (Son, 2008). The conspicuous feature for the obstetrician is the rigidity of the posterior limbs (Arthur et al., 2001). Double headed calf represent a case of absolute fetal oversize with subsequent provoke of dystocia in animals. The present report represents the successful per-vaginal delivery of dicephalic perosomus elumbis monster by partial fetotomy in a cow.
Molecular Detection and Treatment of Trypanosomiosis in a Cat: A Case Report
Trypanosomosis is one of the most common and important haemoprotozoan disease that affects humans and animals including cats (Mohammed et al., 2022). The aetiological agent for trypanosomiosis in cats is T. evansi and T. brucei (Priyowidodo et al., 2023). The disease has wide distribution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (Da Silva et al., 2010) and mainly transmitted mechanically by biting flies such as Tabanus, Stomoxys and triatomids bugs or by feeding on infected meat (Sivajothi and Sudhakara Reddy, 2017; Mohammed et al., 2022). Infected cats show clinical signs such as anorexia, diarrhoea, decrease in weight, progressive anaemia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hyperthermia, corneal opacity, edema around the eyes and in-coordination (Da Silva et al., 2011: Sivajothi and Sudhakara Reddy, 2017: Priyowidodo et al., 2023). The rapid diagnosis of trypanosomosis in animals is commonly attempted by examination of wet mount smears, and blood smears stained with Romanowsky stains such as Giemsa stain. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique can be performed for further confirmatory diagnosis (Mohammed et al., 2022: Priyowidodo et al., 2023). However, there was a paucity of literature available on natural infection of feline trypanosomosis in the world (Sivajothi and Sudhakara Reddy, 2017), Hence, the present case study on trypanosomosis in cat and its successful treatment in Bidar district, Karnataka, India is reported.
Serum Enzyme Activity in Murrah Buffalo under Hot-Humid and Cold Seasonal Conditions
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of seasonal variation, specifically the hot-humid (June to September) and cold period (December to February), on selected serum enzyme activity in adult female Murrah buffalo (n=10). Blood samples were aseptically collected from the jugular vein, and serum was separated for biochemical analysis. Hepatic enzyme activities were quantified using an automated Turbo Chem 100 blood biochemistry analyzer. Seasonal variation had no significant effect on serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), or alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However, aspartate amino-transferase (AST) concentrations showed a highly significant decrease (p<0.01) during the cold season. These findings suggest that while most serum enzyme levels remain relatively stable across seasonal conditions, AST is sensitive to ambient temperature changes and may serve as a potential indicator of thermal stress in Murrah buffaloes.
Hot-humid and cold climate, Murrah buffalo, Seasonal variation, Serum enzymes