The Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction
Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction (IJAR) is the official journal of the Indian Society for the Study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR). The journal publishes high-quality original research, review articles, short communications, and clinical case reports in the field of animal reproduction. The scope of IJAR covers a broad range of topics including: Veterinary gynaecology and obstetrics Andrology and semen biology Spermatogenesis and semen preservation Artificial insemination techniques Embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) Endocrinology and reproductive physiology Reproductive biotechnology Clinical reproductive disorders and case documentation Publication Frequency IJAR is published quarterly, with issues released in: March, June, September, and December.
The Indian Society for Study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR)
Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumor with Estrogen-Induced Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia in a Female Dog
Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) are uncommon ovarian neoplasms in dogs and are frequently associated with prolonged estrus and uterine pathology due to their hormonal activity. A seven-year-old German Shepherd bitch was presented to TVCC, GADVASU, Ludhiana, with a history of purulent vaginal discharge of more than forty days’ duration, irreg ular estrous cycles, polydipsia, polyuria, lethargy, and intermittent vomiting. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a non-homogeneous hypoechoic mass measuring 3.5 cm in diameter at the left ovarian site, along with features suggestive of cystic endometrial hyperplasia. Ovariohysterectomy was performed under general anesthesia. Gross and histopatho logical examination confirmed a Sertoli-like pattern granulosa cell tumor with concurrent cystic endometrial hyper plasia and endometritis. The postoperative recovery was uneventful, highlighting ovariohysterectomy as an effective treatment for canine granulosa cell tumors.
Management of Ventral Abdominal Hysterocele in a Pregnant Queen
A one-year-old pregnant Domestic Short-Haired queen was presented with a recent history of swelling in the right ven tral abdominal region following suspected trauma. Clinical palpation revealed a non-reducible soft mass with detectable fetal structures. Haematological findings indicated leucocytosis with mild anaemia. Radiography confirmed the pres ence of three foetal skeletons within the herniated area, and ultrasonography revealed non-viable foetuses surrounded by excessive anechoic fluid. Based on clinical and imaging findings, the condition was diagnosed as ventral abdominal hysterocele. Surgical intervention consisting of ovariohysterectomy followed by herniorrhaphy was performed under general anaesthesia. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and complete healing was observed. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical management ensured a favourable outcome.
Management of Hydrallantois in a Cow by Transabdominal Allantocentesis
The present report describes a case of hydrallantois in a three-year-old primiparous Jersey crossbred cow and its suc cessful clinical management. The animal exhibited sudden bilateral abdominal distension, respiratory distress, anorexia, and difficulty in locomotion. Per-rectal examination revealed a tense, fluid-filled uterus with non-palpable fetal parts. Parturition was induced using prostaglandin and dexamethasone; however, due to inadequate cervical dilation, transab dominal allantocentesis was performed to gradually drain approximately 50 litres of allantoic fluid. Subsequently, a dead female fetus was delivered with mild traction. Histopathological examination of the fetal kidney revealed cystic dilatation and cortical atrophy. The dam recovered uneventfully following supportive therapy. Controlled drainage of allantoic fluid through transabdominal allantocentesis proved to be an effective and life-saving management approach.
Relieving Postural Dystocia in a Marwari Mare by Fetotomy
A primiparous full-term mare presented with severe straining for 6–8 hours and obstetrical examination revealed foal in anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso-pubic position, with downward deviation of the head and neck. The foal was delivered by partial fetotomy (decollation) under general anaesthesia and placenta was manually removed. Hemato biochemical changes indicated stress due to dystocia and fetotomy. The mare resumed normal feeding and recovered uneventfully.
Successful Adjunctive Vincristine–Ivermectin Therapy for Pars Bulbus Glandis CTVT in Two Intact Male Dogs
Two non-descript male dogs, aged two and four years, were presented with a history of bloody discharge, paraphimosis and pedunculated masses at pars bulbus glandis of penile shaft. Based on physical and cytological examinations, the con dition was diagnosed as Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour (CTVT). The successful tumour remission was achieved using a weekly adjuvant chemotherapy protocol involving intravenous vincristine sulfate (0.5- 0.7 mg/m2 of body surface area) and subcutaneous ivermectin (0.2mg/kg b wt).
Uterine Rupture with Hemoperitoneum in a Dog Managed by Ovariohysterectomy
A potentially fatal consequence of canine dystocia is uterine rupture, which usually leads to peritonitis. A case of three year-old, mix breed female dog was presented that whelped one week earlier and suffered from severe abdominal disten sion. Radiograph demonstrated the presence of a single fetal skeleton within the abdominal cavity while ultrasonography revealed marked fluid accumulation. An emergency ovariohysterectomy was performed, and the dog recovered follow ing post-operative treatment. This procedure remains the treatment of choice in cases of prolonged dystocia associated with uterine rupture and hemoperitoneum.
Genital Prolapse and Obstetrical Management in Buffaloes- A Retrospective Study
The present study was carried out in buffaloes affected with different grades of genital prolapse (vaginal and uterine pro lapse) during different season and its obstetrical management. The current study included a total of 46 graded Murrah buffaloes diagnosed with genital prolapse, comprising vaginal prolapse (n=24) and uterine prolapse (n=22). The greater incidence of genital prolapse was recorded during the autumn season around 2nd lactation. Among the vaginal prolapse cases, Grade 1 was the most prevalent (41.66%), followed by Grade 4 (25%), Grade 3 (20.8%), and Grade 2 (14.29%). In all cases of Grade 2 and 3 vaginal prolapse as well as in uterine prolapse, manual repositioning of the prolapsed mass and retention with Buhner’s suture technique was found effective.
Fetal Maceration Associated with Prolonged Gestation in a New Zealand White Rabbit
A 3.5-year-old New Zealand White rabbit was presented with prolonged gestation, abdominal distension, dullness and lethargy. Clinical examination revealed firm, immobile masses on abdominal palpation and ultrasonography showed hyperechoic fetal structures without cardiac activity, suggestive of fetal death. Owing to the poor prognosis, the rabbit was humanely euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a markedly distended uterus containing three macerated fetuses with foul-smelling reddish-brown fluid, along with mild hepatic and renal congestion confirming fetal maceration.
Surgical Management of Perosomus Elumbis Monster in A Buffalo
A rare case of Perosomus elumbis (Acaudatus) fetal monster in a 7 yrs old Murrah buffalo and its successful management by cesarean section. A Murrah buffalo was presented to obstetrical ward, VCC, COVAS, Udgir with history of completed gestation period with ruptured of water bag 7 hrs ago and straining with failure to delivery the fetus per-vaginum. So, cesarean section was performed. The fetal monster was enumerated as “Perosomus elumbis” as the partial agenesis of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae and ankylosis of the hind limbs after thoracic region was noticed.
Management of Persistent Hymen with Hydrocolpos in a Crossbred Heifer
This case report describes a crossbred heifer diagnosed with persistent hymen and hydrocolpos following repeated failed insemination attempts. Diagnosis was confirmed through trans-rectal ultrasonography and vaginal examination, and successful surgical hymenectomy restored fertility, leading to a full-term pregnancy and healthy calving.
Melatonin Administration Prior to Doublesynch Protocol Enhances Pregnancy Rates in Postpartum Water Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)
A total of thirty normally calved buffaloes were divided into group 1 -melatonin plus doublesynch and group 2 -dou blesynch alone. Group 1 inserted with subcutaneous melatonin implants (@ 18 mg per 50 kg body weight) on day 15 postpartum whereas group 2 did not receive melatonin. On day 60 postpartum both groups were subjected to dou blesynch protocol i.e. prostaglandin F2α (500 µg Cloprostenol) on day -2 and 7, buserelin acetate (20 µg, GnRH ana logue) on day 0 and 9 intramuscularly, followed by timed AI at 16 and 24 hrs. Day of first appearance of CL was earlier (p<0.05) in group 1 (29.53 ± 1.47 days) than group 2 (36 ± 1.87 days). On day 29 postpartum, group 1 revealed higher (p<0.05) progesterone than group 2 (1.61±0.38 vs 0.24±0.07 ng/ml). Group 1 had larger (p<0.05) preovulatory follicle (13.66±1.00 mm) on the day of AI that developed larger (p<0.05) CL (14.28±0.67mm) on day 12 post-AI as compared to group 2 (10.93±0.68 mm and 11.23±0.75 mm). Ovulation, first service pregnancy and overall pregnancy rates were higher (p<0.05) in group 1 (100%, 73.3% and 86.66%) versus group 2 (60%, 26.67% and 53.33%), respectively. Melatonin implants proved beneficial for enhancing pregnancy rates following doublesynch protocol in postpartum buffalo.
Fertility of Male Sex-Sorted Semen in Khillar Cows Synchronized with Ovsynch Protocols
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of male sex-sorted semen on pregnancy rate and sex ratio. Khillar cows (n=18) were synchronized by Ovsynch, Double PG Ovsynch and increasing dose of PG in Ovsynch synchronization protocols and inseminated with male sex-sorted semen. The higher pregnancy rate was observed in double PG Ovsynch synchronized cows than other two groups (50% vs 33.33%) which are non significant at (p<0.05). The overall proportion of male calves born from sex-sorted semen was 71.42 % in modified Ovsynch synchronization protocols.
Morphological And Histological Structure of Female Reproductive System of Streptopelia Senegalensis
This study presents a descriptive morphological and histological examination of the ovary and oviduct of Streptopelia sen egalensis. The topographical analysis provided that the ovary was like a bunch of grapes whose mean weight was 0.37 ± 1 gm and the mean follicle size was 3.55 ± 1 mm. The oviduct, a flexible folded muscular tube, weighed 0.45 ± 0.1 gm with a total length from the tip to the utero-vaginal junction of 77.78 ± 3.6 mm. The ovary had two histological segments: the cortex and the medulla. The wall of the oviduct comprised four coats: tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica mus cularis, and tunica serosa. The mucosa of the oviduct was folded, composed of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi thelium with secondary and tertiary folds visible throughout the sections, and it was lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the reproductive anatomy and functional adaptations of S. senegalensis.
Fertility Response Following Two Estrus Synchronization Protocols in Anestrus Beetal Goats
This study evaluated the comparative efficacy of GnRH and eCG-based estrus synchronization protocols with or without short-term progesterone in postpartum anestrus Beetal goats. Twenty goats were administered Buserelin acetate (6 µg IM, day 0) and randomly allocated to a progesterone group (TRIU-B, 400 mg; n=10, Group I) or a non-progesterone group (n=10, Group II). On day 7, TRIU-B was removed, and all goats received cloprostenol sodium (75 µg IM) and eCG (400 IU IM). Natural mating after 12h intervals followed estrus detection. Estrus induction was 100% in both groups. Pregnancy (70% vs. 60%) and kidding rates did not differ significantly (P>0.05). However, estrus onset occurred earlier (P<0.05) in the progesterone group. Vaginal mucus electrical resistance decreased significantly (70–80 Ω) at estrus com pared with day 0 and day 7 (85–115 Ω). Serum biochemical parameters showed no significant variation between groups. In conclusion, both protocols were equally effective in inducing estrus and achieving satisfactory fertility without affecting serum biochemical profiles. The addition of short-term progesterone advanced estrus onset but did not significantly improve fertility outcomes in postpartum anestrus Beetal goats.
Seasonal Variations in the Histomorphology of Caprine Ovaries
The variation in the size of the dominant as well as subordinate follicle may be due to seasonal effect during breeding and non-breeding season in goats. Goat ovaries were collected from a local slaughter house during winter, summer and rainy season. The ovarian tissue sections were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin saline. Haematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed for histomorphological analysis of follicular and luteal tissues. The mean number of antral folli cle(s) was 1.33±0.21, 1.00±0.26 and 1.50 ± 0.34 during summer, rainy and winter season, respectively. The mean number of subordinate follicles during summer, rainy and winter season was 3.17±0.40, 2.17±0.31 and 3.00±0.52, respectively. A significantly higher (p<0.05) number of antral follicles were observed during winter followed by summer and rainy season, whereas, significant higher (p<0.05) number of subordinate follicles were observed during summer and winter as compared to rainy season. The number of large luteal cells (LLC) was 65.67±2.58, 63.17±1.78 and 70.17±2.15 during summer, rainy and winter season, respectively, whereas, the mean number of small luteal cells (SLC) was 17.67±0.92, 17.17±0.48 and 18.83±0.70 during summer, rainy and winter season, respectively. A non-significant higher (p>0.05) mean number of LLC and SLC was observed during winter as compared to summer and rainy season. The present study concluded the association of seasonal variation with the presence of number of antral follicles and luteal cells in caprine ovaries.
Comparative Biochemical, Mineral and Progesterone Profile in Different Trimesters of Pregnant Crossbred Jersey Cows
The present study is aimed to investigate the biochemical, mineral and hormonal profiles of crossbred Jersey cows across three trimesters of pregnant (n=6) and non-pregnant cyclic (n=6) cows (controls). Pregnant cows were divided into three subgroups based on 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The study revealed variations in serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, total protein, cholesterol and progesterone levels among different trimesters and non-pregnant cyclic cows. Notably, calcium levels (mg/dl) declined significantly from early to late pregnancy stages (10.29 ±0.12 to 9.39 ± 0.20), whereas inorganic phosphorus levels (mg/dl) showed a decreasing trend throughout pregnancy (from 5.87 ± 0.01 to 5.32 ± 0.04). The magnesium levels displayed no significant variance across trimesters, while glucose levels (mg/dl) decreased progressively from the 1stto 3rdtrimester (52.13 ± 00.39 to 47.47 ± 0.44). Total protein concentration (g/l) indicated a significant difference between trimesters, with a decline in late pregnancy (7.90 ± 0.05 to 7.43 ± 0.10). Cholesterol levels (mg/dl) decreased toward the late gestation period (201.89 ± 4.77 to 132.09±3.75). Progesterone levels were higher during 2ndtrimester of pregnancy (5.84 ± 0.13 ng/ml) as compared to 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. These observations suggest that assessing essential minerals, biochemical constituents and progesterone at specific ges tational stages provides valuable insights into understanding predisposing factors for mitigating pre and postpartum complications in dairy cattle.
Does eCG improve conception rate in Ongole (Bos indicus) ET recipient cows? - A Field Study
Embryo transfer (ET) efficiency in cattle depends not only on embryo quality but also on recipient receptivity. This study evaluated the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on estrus response, luteal development and conception rates in Ongole (Bos indicus) cows used as ET recipients, while also comparing conception rates between fresh and frozen embryo transfers. 53 reproductively sound Ongole cows were randomly assigned to Group 1 (with eCG, n=16) and Group 2 (without eCG, n=37) and synchronized using a progesterone-based protocol. Results revealed that the estrus response was similar between the two groups (88% vs. 84%), but eCG -treated cows exhibited more pronounced vulvar edema and cervico-vaginal mucus and higher corpus luteum (CL) development (56.25% vs. 35%), including multiple CLs observed exclusively in stimulated cows. Despite these physiological variations, conception rates remained compa rable across treatments, with no significant differences observed between eCG-treated and untreated cows (6.25% vs. 19%), between fresh embryos transferred with or without eCG (9.09% vs. 25%), or between frozen embryos transferred with or without eCG (0.00% vs. 7.69%). All conceived animals delivered viable calves. These results indicate that while eCG enhances luteal activity and estrus detectability in Ongole recipients, it does not significantly improve pregnancy outcomes, suggesting its use should be targeted rather than routine in ET programs.
Effect of 9-cis Retinoic Acid Supplementation in Maturation Media on In Vitro Maturation of Murrah Buffalo Oocytes Derived by Ovum Pick-Up
Buffaloes are an important livestock species but their reproductive efficiency is constrained by fewer antral follicles, higher follicular atresia, and relatively poor oocyte quality compared to cattle. In vitro embryo production (IVEP) offers a potential solution, yet its success depends largely on optimizing in vitro maturation (IVM) conditions. Retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, has been reported to enhance oocyte competence through improved cytoplasmic maturation, antioxidant defence, and mitochondrial activity. The present study evaluated the effect of 9-cis retinoic acid supplementation during IVM on cumulus expansion of oocytes derived by ovum pick-up (OPU) in Murrah buffaloes. A total of 279 follicles were aspirated from five buffaloes, yielding 209 cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) with a recovery rate of 74.9%. Of these, 74.2% were graded as culturable (Grades A, B, C). Following 22–24 hours of culture, the treat ment group showed a significantly higher proportion of oocytes with complete cumulus expansion (84.6% vs. 61.0%), while partial expansion (6.4% vs. 22.1%) and no expansion (8.9% vs. 15.6%) were significantly lower compared with the control (p< 0.05). These findings demonstrate that 9-cis retinoic acid at 5 nM concentration enhances cumulus expansion and improves oocyte competence, supporting its application as a valuable supplement for optimizing IVM protocols in buffaloes.
Effect of Artificial Insemination Timing on Conception Following Use of Sex sorted Semen in Sahiwal Heifers
The present study was conducted to study the effect of timing of Artificial Insemination (AI) and the effect of GnRH on day 5 after estrus on conception rate using sex sorted semen in Sahiwal heifers. A total of forty (40) Sahiwal heifers were selected and divided into four groups (10 animals in each group) as control group C (AI was performed after 13 to 14 hours of onset of estrus), Treatment group T1 (AI was performed after 16 to 18 hours of onset of estrus), Treatment group T2 (AI was performed after 22 to 24 hours of onset of estrus) and Treatment group T3 (AI was performed after 16 to 18 hours of onset of estrus followed by administration of 20 mcg GnRH intramuscularly on day 5 of estrus after AI ). Pregnancy diagnosis was done at day 60 after AI using ultrasonography in all groups. In the control group (C), 30% conception rate was obtained, which was the lowest among all 4 groups. On the other hand, in group T1 and T2, a sim ilar conception rate (40%) was achieved. Surprisingly treatment group (T3) showed the highest conception rate (80%) in Sahiwal heifers supporting dual beneficial effect of delayed AI and GnRH on conception rate. The overall conception rate was recorded as 47.50% in 40 Sahiwal heifers under the study. The results of the present study on limited number of Sahiwal heifers demonstrated that delaying AI for 3-4 hours than conventional semen AI, along with administration of 20 mcg GnRH intramuscularly on day 5 of estrus after AI is beneficial for improving conception rate using sexed semen. Further relevant studies on a larger population size shall validate its better use in future.
Effect of Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) Versus Polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro Maturation of Oocytes Retrieved by Ovum Pick-up (OPU) in Sahiwal Cows
The experiment was conducted to compare the effect of supplementation of fetal calf serum (FCS) versus polyvin ylpyrrolidine (PVP) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of the bovine oocytes collected by ovum pick-up (OPU) method. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC’s) obtained by follicular aspiration having at least a complete layer of cumulus cells were randomly divided into two groups containing 10 replicates each of 10-12 oocytes. In vitro maturation of the COC’s supplementation of 5% FCS showed (Mean±Std. Error, %) higher full expansion of cumulus cells (9.20±0.64, 90.20) in comparison to 1% PVP (8.5±0.45, 81.73), though non-significant. On the other hand, COC’s showing intermedi ate expansion were significantly low (p<0.05) in maturation media (Mean±Std. Error, %) supplemented with 5% FCS (0.40±0.21, 3.9) in comparison to 1% PVP (1.30± 0.30, 12.50). Higher maturation rate in media supplemented with FCS might be due to growth factors, nutrients, hormones and antioxidants present in it. FCS contains number of growth fac tors that play an important role in regulation of oocyte maturation, particularly via cumulus cells. IVM media containing 5% FCS provides a favourable environment in comparison to 1% PVP for in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes obtained though ovum pick-up.
Dystocia Due to Poll Presentation in Crossbred Primipara Black Bengal Doe
The presented case of dystocia in crossbred primipara Black Bengal doe with fetus poll presentation (anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso sacral position, flexed fore limbs) was rectified by manual manipulation using small eye hook as obstetrical tool. On per-vaginal examination, cervix was found to be dilated and top of the head (poll region) of fetus was felt which waslater confirmed by diagnostic imaging (X-ray). A dead foetus was delivered by traction through eye hook along with the fetal membrane. The doe was administered with antibiotics, pain killer, Vitamin B complex, calcium and other fluid therapy, ecbolics and the doe recovered eventually.
Awareness Among Dairy Farmers Regarding Breeding and Health Practices in Una and Hoshiarpur
This study was conducted to assess and compare the awareness and adoption of reproductive and healthcare manage ment practices among dairy farmers in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab and Una district of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 80 respondents (40 from each district) were selected using a purposive random sampling method. Data were collected through a pre-tested structured interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics and t-tests to determine the significance of observed differences.The results revealed significant regional disparities in both awareness and adoption of recommended dairy practices. Farmers from Hoshiarpur consistently reported higher mean scores across most indi cators. In reproductive and breeding management, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in farmers’ knowledge regarding the importance of age at first insemination (Hoshiarpur: M = 0.90 ± 0.04; Una: M = 0.70 ± 0.07), preference for artificial insemination over natural service (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.62 ± 0.07), awareness of heat detection (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.60 ± 0.07), semen quality (0.75 ± 0.06 vs. 0.52 ± 0.07) and use of veterinary help during parturition (0.82 ± 0.06 vs. 0.57 ± 0.07). In terms of healthcare practices, significant differences were found in seasonal vaccination awareness (0.95 ± 0.03 vs. 0.80 ± 0.06) and application of prophylactic measures against contagious diseases (0.32 ± 0.07 vs. 0.12 ± 0.05).The overall mean adoption score was significantly higher in Hoshiarpur (0.68 ± 0.05) than Una (0.53 ± 0.06), indicating more effective extension and veterinary service delivery in Punjab. These findings emphasize the need for focused awareness programs, improved service infrastructure and targeted interventions in Una district to enhance reproductive efficiency and health management in dairy farming.
Growth and Reproductive Biology of Shilluk, Leuciscus vorax (Heckel, 1843), in the Third River / central Iraq
This study was conducted on several environmental parameters, and some reproduction physiological processes of the Shilluk fish Leuciscus vorax were conducted alongside the Third River throughout central Iraq between the months of January and December of 2022. The results indicated that the temperatures of the water ranged from 10.1°C in January to 34.7°C throughout July. Every month, the acidity value varied between 6.4 and 8.3. The total dissolved solids (T.D.S.) average each month varied between 4.04 ppt and 7.41 ppt. The oxygen content in the solution varied between 9.22 and 6.9 mg/L. Throughout the course of the research, data from 106 L. vorax specimens were gathered. The hormonal Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) as well as the formation of gonads was examined in order to estimate the fertilization time. The results show that this kind of organism undergoes one reproductive cycle annually, with spawning events taking place between the months of January and February. The overall length (TL) of the individuals varied from 10.83 to 53.1 cm. Comparative reproductive estimates varied between 63388 to 79695 eggs per kilogram of weight of the person, and eggs lengths at maximal maturation varied from 1.5 to 1.64 mm.
Management of Monstrous Fetal Dystocia in a Crossbred Cow
Abnormal joint fixation, or fetal ankylosis, can make it difficult to deliver the calf normally and may require more com plex obstetrical operations, such as fetotomy or cesarean surgery. The current case report details the incidence of dystocia in a crossbred cow brought on by forelimb ankylosis and schistosomus reflexus that was effectively treated by performing fetotomy.
Management of Rupture of Prepubic Tendon in a Non-descript Doe Complicated by Evisceration of Gravid Uterus
A three-year-old goat was presented with the history of swelling in the right-side ventral abdomen and foul-smelling serous discharge from the swollen area. On examination, swollen part had two fistulas. Through one fistula, mild fowl smelling discharge was observed and through another fistula, protrusion of gravid uterine horn was found. On vaginal examination cervix was found to be closed. Based on the clinical findings, the case was diagnosed as longstanding case of hysterocele complicated with evisceration of gravid uterus. On exploratory laparotomy, it was found that the abdominal muscles were not torn and the gravid uterus was eviscerated through the ruptured prepubic tendon. The hysterectomy was performed to save the life of the dam and the doe recovered uneventfully on proper postoperative care.
Retrieval of Retained Artificial Insemination Sheath with Semen Straw in a Non-Descript Cow
A pluriparous cow was presented with a retained AI sheath with semen straw in the genital tract due to faulty insem ination. Clinical examination showed vulvar oedema, hyperaemic vaginal mucosa and a swollen cervix, while rectal palpation and ultrasonography confirmed the sheath in the recto-vaginal pouch. Under epidural anaesthesia, the rectal mucosa containing the sheath was exteriorized through the anus, and the sheath was removed via a small rectal incision. The animal recovered uneventfully.
Surgical Management of Vaginal Hyperplasia in a Labrador Bitch
A 2.5-year-old female Labrador was presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex, with a history of a large (8 x 4 cm) tongue shaped mass protruding from the vulva for the past two weeks. Clinical evaluation revealed a prominent, red, pedunculated, semisoft mass emerging from the vulvar lips, which was non-painful on palpation. Based on clinical find ings and confirmed through histopathological examination, the condition was diagnosed as vaginal hyperplasia. The prolapsed tissue was surgically excised with successful outcome.
Serum Biochemical Constituents in Repeat Breeder vis-a-vis Normal Cyclic Crossbred Cows
The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare serum biochemical constituents in normal cyclic and repeat breeder crossbred cows. A total of 18 animals were selected and categorized into two groups: group I (normal cyclic, n=9) and group II (repeat breeder, n=9). Blood samples were collected, and serum was analysed for total protein, glucose, cal cium, and phosphorus concentrations. The findings revealed that repeat breeder cows exhibited significantly lower levels of serum total protein, glucose, and phosphorus compared to normal cyclic cows. However, no significant difference in serum calcium levels was observed between the two groups. These results suggest that alterations in specific biochemical parameters may contribute to the repeat breeding condition and highlighted the importance of monitoring metabolic status in reproductive management of dairy cattle.
Age Determination of Aborted Fetus in A Barbari Goat
The present communication describes the assisted per vaginal delivery of an aborted fetus in a newly purchased Barbari goat with an uncertain pregnancy status. The delivery was facilitated through manual cervical dilation, adequate lubri cation, and gentle traction. Gestational age was estimated based on crown–rump length (CRL) measurement. The dam recovered uneventfully following treatment.
Dystocia Due to Fetal Hydrothorax in a Non-Descript Doe
Dystocia is a relatively common condition in goats; however, cases resulting from fetal abnormalities are infrequently reported. The current report places a record on dystocia due to fetal hydrothorax and its successful management in a non-descript doe.