Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
The journal is the official research journal of the Indian Society of Animal Production and Management. It was started in the year 1986 to publish original research work in the area of livestock production management. The first issue was published in the year 1986 by the Department of Livestock Production and Management, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana. Current frequency of the journal is Quarterly (4 issues per year). The Journal office is presently functioning from the Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary College, Bengaluru, Karnataka.\ Indexing details: Scopus Indexed, Google Scholar, Base Indexing, Ebsco, Wos-Applied, Cross ref, ICI, ASI
Evaluation of Economic Sustainability of Crop and Livestock Integrated Farming Systems in Rainfed Agriculture
Majority of the Indian economy is in the hands of small and marginal farmers with 80% of total land holdings having less than 1ha of cultivable land. Integration of livestock with crop provides scope for effective utilization of byproducts which assures the profitability of the farming system. Integrated Farming System approach is required to enhance the living standards of the small and marginal farmers. The present study was conducted in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. A questionnaire was developed and the data was obtained through personal interview. It revealed the profitable farming systems in major farming situations and its diversification. It was observed that the farming system consisting of seasonal crops along with dairy, sheep and poultry was found most profitable than cultivation of crops alone. The economic sustainability of the faming systems was evolved through Sustainability Value Index (SVI). The farming systems having one or more livestock species in the rainfed black soils were found sustainable. But only one farming system in rainfed red soils having crop along with diary, small ruminants and poultry was found sustainable. The Simpson Index of Diversification (SID) was also assessed and observed more diversification in the farming systems under rainfed red soils. The study revealed that livestock contributed a significant role in the sustainability of farming systems in rainfed agriculture. The results of the study are useful for small and marginal farmers to adopt the suitable farming system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Behind the Counter: Unpacking Antibiotic Use in an Indian District
Introduction: Animal husbandry has long been a fundamental skill supporting the agricultural economy in India, with an increasing concern over the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among dairy animals due to various factors. This issue has significantly impacted animal health within the sector and has also raised concerns about farming sustainability. Objective: The main objective of our study was to assess the level of awareness regarding antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance among Veterinary medical storekeepers. Additionally, we aimed to identify antibiotic usage and animal health practices that may contribute to the spread of AMR in the specific study area. Study design: The survey targeted veterinary medical storekeepers/ drug sellers situated in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, India. The study, conducted between November 2021 to March 2022, aimed to examine the veterinary antibiotics selling practices of medical storekeepers. The survey was administered online to medical storekeepers situated in the Jhunjhunu district, as no previous studies of a similar nature had been conducted in the area, making it a suitable choice for the study. Methods: A structured questionnaire comprising 20 questions. Regrettably, only 23 medical storekeepers consented to participate and share their experiences regarding the sale of veterinary drugs, including veterinary antibiotics. The data was collected and analyzed statistically using SPSS. Results: The responses revealed that medical storekeepers are lagging in knowledge and behavioral aspects, 26% of the individuals have not received the minimum essential qualification to be a registered Veterinary pharmacist and still they are dispensing antibiotics. Around 70% of antibiotics drugs they sell are based on the customer's preference, and among the sale of antibiotics, the Watch category drugs are mostly preferred by the prescribers. Conclusion: As a consequence of these results, we conclude that to tackle AMR, it is necessary for there to be educational training, awareness campaigns, encouragement of antibiotic stewardship programs in remote areas, and motivation for veterinary pharmacists to practice all that is in the AMR guidelines.
Consumer Perception Towards Fresh Meat and Processed Meat Consumption in the City of Tirupati, India
A study was conducted to understand consumer perception towards meat and meat products consumption in Tirupati city. The city of Tirupati has witnessed a sharp rise in the households which is evident with the rapid expansion of the city outskirts by means of real-estate developments. This pose a greater scope for meat startups to be established in the rapidly developing city. A total of 200 respondents were randomly selected and were interviewed. Data were collected using pre- tested structured interview schedule by personal interviews. The study group comprised of 76 males & 124 females. The educational background of respondents was found to vary between uneducated to PG & PhD level. The overall mean age of the consumers was found to be (33.5) of which majority (45%) belong to middle age group. The study revealed that most of the consumers ate meat for taste (67%) and health benefits (33%) and usually consume meat twice in a week (51%). The most preferred meat was chicken (53%), followed by chevon (21%), sea foods (fish, prawns 16%) and other meat (10%). Gravy type meat products were most preferred, followed by biryani (19%) and fried meat products (15%). Most of the consumers (63%) opined that meat have good cholesterol (HDL) and (28%) as bad cholesterol (LDL) whereas (9%) opined as both. The willingness to purchase chilled/frozen meat was very low (5%). The acceptance of the respondents towards processed meat products such as pickles (80%), comminuted meat products at (20%) respectively. The majority of the respondents (82%) believed that over consuming of meat leads to heart problems and other diseases. Unfortunately (78%) of the respondents have no idea about what kind of vitamins and minerals are present in meat. Most of the consumers said that ideal method for cooking is boiling (78%) and frying (22%). Only (40%) of the respondents have awareness about zoonotic diseases. Food safety has emerged as an important global issue with international trade and public health implications. The current study also revealed that most of the respondents have no idea about laws pertaining to food safety. The. results indicated that most respondents consume meat for taste and as a cultural tradition. However, majority of the consumers lack scientific backdrop about fresh meat and processed meat, which further can be overcome by conducting extensive awareness programmes and advertisements by the government agencies and entrepreneurs in the meat trade. The consumer awareness about scientific handling of meat can safeguard their health and also pave a way for huge investments in the meat startups in the developing cities.
Feeding Practices in Small Holder Production System by Dairy Farmers of Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh
A study was conducted in small holder production system to understand feeding practices of dairy farmers of Meerut district. 100 farmers having land holding up to 4 acres were selected randomly, 50 from rural and 50 from urban area of the district. A suitable interview schedule was developed for these farmers to record the observations. The study revealed major differences in rearing preferences of dairy farmers based on family and caste system in urban and rural area. Majority of dairy farmers had good experience in dairy farming with moderate income status. Significant differences were observed in feeding of roughages and concentrate to animals, formulation of concentrate and method of feeding concentrate to animals in the study area. Improved feeding techniques such as urea treatment, conservation of feed and fodder as hay and silage were less popular in both the areas of the study. The major limitations included problems related to infertility in animals, lesser knowledge of technology driven practices and unavailability of veterinary laboratory testing facilities in the area.
Effect of dietary supplementation ofliquid distillery stillage on growth performance of Rajasri chicks
The present study was conducted at institutional poultry farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nandyal District, Andhra Pradesh, India to evaluate the effects of dietary liquid distillery stillage (LDS) supplementation on the growth performance of the Rajasri chicks. A total of 60 one-week-old Rajasri chicks were divided into three groups, and each group supplemented a different dietary treatment: T0 (basal diet without antibiotic), T1 (70% basal diet + 30% LDS), and T2 (50% basal diet + 50% LDS).The results indicated significant differences in growth among the dietary treatments. The highest average feed intake was observed in T2across all four weeks. Similarly, T2 showed the highest average body weight gain, suggesting better growth compared to T0 and T1. Moreover, T2 consistently exhibited the lowest FCR across all four weeks, indicating better feed efficiency compared to the other treatments. On the other hand, T1 showed intermediate performance in all three parameters, while T0 had the least favourable outcomes. From the experiment, it was concluded that, the supplementation of LDS in the diet of Rajasri chicks at 50% have resulted in improved feed intake, body weight gain, and feed efficiency, indicating enhanced growth performance. These findings underscore the significance of optimizing feed formulations to support better growth and productivity in poultry production systemsto achieve optimal growth and profitability in poultry farming.
Effect of Replacement of Antibiotic with Herbal Growth Promoter on Immunity of Broiler Chicken
Present study was conducted to observe the effect of supplementation of herbal growth promoters (Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Achyranthus aspera and Azadirachta indica) immune status in broilers. Total of 420 day old straight run Cobb-400 broiler chicks were reared upto of six weeks which were assigned randomly to each of the seven dietary treatments groups with four replicates of 15 birds each. The basal diet control (T1), basal diet +AGP (Enramycin 10%) @ 100 g/ton of feed (T2), basal diet + herbal growth promoters @ 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/ton of feed (T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7) were fed to different groups of birds. In the present study, immune parameters like antibody titer against NDV and IBDV and lymphoid organs weight were recorded and found that the T4 group, which received 400 g/ton of herbal growth promoters in their feed, exhibited significantly (P≤0.05) for NDv and immune organ weight compared to other treatment groups. Thus, it can be concluded that herbal growth promoter has positive effect on immune in commercial broiler chicken.
Strengthening Traditional Veterinary Medicine for Conservation of Natural Resources and Livestock/Dairy Health Service: Empirical Lessons
Changes in environment and economic development pose newer challenges in terms of managing disease outbreaks, changing aspiration of farming communities. Conventional livestock health services across world have remained unable to meet such requirements of farmers owing to reduced economic investment, spatial distribution of livestock. Therefore, new models for livestock health service need to be identified and scaled up in order to address food security, environmental concerns. By recognizing knowledge intensive model, nurturing creativity at grassroots is pertinent as it has evolved over a period of time. Evidences were noted wherein socially acceptable technological solution(s) were utilized by reinvigorating experimental spirit of traditional healers and knowledge of society. Building professional association with outstanding knowledge holders, community knowledge help to protect, mainstream environment friendly, frugal veterinary medications based on traditional medicine. This process of interface can be fostered by recognizing existing informal social structure involving custodian of knowledge (outstanding knowledge holders), strengthening their network and involvement of community in utilizing/sharing societal knowledge. Institutionalization of such efforts can bolster connecting link with formal institutional service, sensitize and to accommodate traditional wisdom in modern system. This review helps to understand relevance of traditional medicine that has capabilities to uplift economically poor farmers, provide quality livestock health care through climate smart technological intervention. There is also urgent need to meet SDG goals by 2030 and encompassing community knowledge system ensures sustaining innovative herbal practices.
Tongue Rolling in Cattle: Causes, Behavioral Characteristics and Managemental Strategies
Tongue rolling is a commonly observed oral behavior in cattle, often associated with stress and dietary factors. It is characterized by rhythmic tongue movements, sometimes accompanied by excessive licking or air swallowing. While the precise cause remains unclear, research suggests that feeding constraints, confinement and oxidative stress may contribute to its occurrence. Certain breeds and age groups, particularly heifers show a higher prevalence of this behavior. Although it does not directly impair physiological functions, it is often considered as an indicator of welfare issues in intensive farming systems. Management approaches, including environmental enrichment, improved feeding strategies and reducing confinement stress, play a key role in minimizing the incidence of tongue rolling in cattle.
Comparison of Hematological, Biochemical, and Hormonal Parameters Between Fetal Sex in Different Stages of Gestation of Awassi Ewes
The physiological adaptations of pregnant ewes are influenced by gestational stage and fetal sex, which affect hematological, biochemical, and hormonal responses. However, there is limited information regarding small ruminants in practical settings. This study aimed to evaluate how fetal sex during different gestation periods impacts selected biochemical, hematological, and hormonal parameters in pregnant ewes. The study was conducted in a sheep field in Suq Al-Shuyukh, Dhi-Qar province, Iraq, from September 2025 to February 2026. The study sampled 600 pregnant ewes (aged 2-5 years, weighing 40-50 kg). Pregnancy stage and fetal sex were determined via transabdominal ultrasonography (XF50, 3.5 MHz). The ewes were classified into three gestational stages (first, second, and third trimesters) with each stage further divided by fetal sex (male and female, n=10 each). There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in hematological and biochemical parameters based on fetal sex and gestational stage in ewes. In the first trimester, ewes with male fetuses displayed higher values. In the second trimester, those with female fetuses showed significant variations in hematological parameters (RBC, HGB, MCHC, and MCH). In the third trimester, the RBC count was notably higher in ewes carrying female fetuses. Additionally, fetal sex and gestational stage influenced biochemical markers, including ALT, AST, total protein, globulin, glucose, and cholesterol. Hormonal analysis indicated that placental lactogen, cortisol, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) were significantly affected by these factors. In conclusion, fetal sex and gestational stage significantly influence the hematological, biochemical, and hormonal factors in pregnant ewes, making them important for reproductive assessment and herd management.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Prolactin Gene in Major Cattle Breeds of Uzbekistan
The prolactin (PRL) gene is considered one of the major candidate genes associated with milk production and lactation performance in cattle. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphism of the PRL gene (g.8398A>G) and assess the population genetic structure of five cattle breeds raised in Uzbekistan, including Simmental, Brown Swiss, Holstein, Black-and-White, and Bushuev cattle. PRL genotypes were determined in 96 animals from each breed using allele-specific real-time PCR. The results revealed polymorphism at the PRL g.8398A>G locus in all studied populations. The frequency of the A allele ranged from 0.516 to 0.552, while the G allele frequency varied between 0.448 and 0.484. The heterozygous AG genotype was the most frequent genotype in Simmental (0.604), Holstein (0.553), Black-and-White (0.563), and Bushuev (0.542) populations, whereas a relatively balanced genotype distribution was observed in Brown Swiss cattle. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.490 to 0.604, while expected heterozygosity (He) varied between 0.495 and 0.500. Nei’s genetic diversity index indicated a moderate level of genetic variation among the studied breeds (H = 0.495–0.500). Negative fixation index (FIS) values observed in most populations suggested an excess of heterozygotes and the absence of significant inbreeding. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis demonstrated that Brown Swiss, Holstein, Black-and-White, and Bushuev populations were in genetic equilibrium (P > 0.05), whereas the Simmental population deviated significantly from equilibrium (χ² = 4.71, P < 0.05), likely due to selection pressure or crossbreeding practices. Overall, the obtained results demonstrate that the PRL g.8398A>G polymorphism is highly informative and maintains considerable genetic variability in cattle populations raised in Uzbekistan. The studied locus may serve as a promising molecular marker for marker-assisted selection programs aimed at improving dairy productivity and genetic management of cattle breeds.
Molecular Detection, Species Identification, and Phylogenetic Characterization of Babesia ovis and Babesia motasi in Sheep and Sheep Owners in Babylon Province, Iraq
Background: Babesiosis is an important tick-borne disease of small ruminants and is caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Babesia. Molecular diagnosis is useful for detecting low-level infections and for confirming the species involved in ovine babesiosis. Aim: This study aimed to detect Babesia species molecularly in sheep and sheep owners in Babylon Province, Iraq, and to identify Babesia ovis and Babesia motasi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2025 to April 2026. A total of 200 blood samples were collected, including 150 sheep samples and 50 samples from sheep owners from Al-Qasim, Al-Hashimiyah, Al-Kifl, Al-Musayyib, and Al-Shomali districts. Conventional PCR was used for molecular screening of Babesia spp. targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Species-specific PCR was performed for B. ovis targeting the SSU rRNA gene. Representative positive products were sequenced and compared with GenBank reference sequences. Results: All owner samples were negative for Babesia spp. DNA, with 0/50 positive samples. In sheep, Babesia spp. DNA was detected in 108/150 samples, giving an overall molecular prevalence of 72.00%. According to sex, infection was recorded in 34/43 males, 79.06%, and 74/107 females, 69.15%, with a female-to-male odds ratio of 0.59, 95% CI: 0.26–1.38, P = 0.224. According to geographical area, the highest positivity was recorded in Al-Hashimiyah, 13/16, 81.25%, followed by Al-Qasim, 17/21, 80.95%, Al-Musayyib, 28/38, 73.68%, Al-Kifl, 26/38, 68.42%, and Al-Shomali, 24/37, 64.86%. According to age, positivity was 8/12, 66.67%, in lambs aged 1–12 months, 24/31, 77.41%, in sheep aged 1–2 years, 28/35, 80.00%, in sheep aged 2–4 years, and 48/72, 66.67%, in sheep older than 4 years. Species-specific PCR among the species-tested positive samples showed B. ovis in 48/73 samples, 65.75%, B. motasi in 25/73 samples, 34.25%, and mixed B. ovis and B. motasi infection in 8/73 samples, 10.95%. Sequencing confirmed four local isolates for B. ovis and B. motasi. Conclusion: Molecular detection confirmed a high occurrence of Babesia spp. in sheep in Babylon Province, while no molecular evidence of Babesia infection was detected in the examined owners. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis supported the identity of the local isolates and their relationship with globally registered Babesia sequences.
Physiological Effect of Caffeic Acid on Gouty Arthritis Induced by Monosodium Urate in Rats
Gouty arthritis is a metabolic and inflammatory condition linked to hyperuricemia and systemic inflammation. Although allopurinol is the traditional clinical treatment, it is usually used to lower uric acid levels; it generally carries risks of hepatic and renal damage. This study sought to bridge this therapeutic gap by investigating the multi-target effects of Caffeic Acid in a rat model of gouty arthritis. Methodology: twenty -four adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: Negative Control, Gout-Induced by monosodium urate crystals, Gout + Allopurinol and Gout + Caffeic acid. The treatments were given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 30 consecutive days. Radiographic imaging was performed to evaluate joint structural integrity. Serum was analyzed for uric acid, WBC count, ESR, oxidative stress markers, CRP, cortisol, along with renal safety indicators such as creatinine and hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST). Results: Metabolic and inflammatory abnormalities were substantial in the Gout group, characterized by marked elevation in Uric Acid, WBC & ESR. Allopurinol significantly reduced uric acid but had a moderate effect on systemic inflammatory indicators (ESR and WBC). It is worth mentioning that Caffeic Acid demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy, achieving a dramatic reduction in uric acid alongside complete normalization of WBC and ESR values. Moreover, Caffeic Acid had a better safety profile with reduced ALT, AST and Creatinine levels than Allopurinol. We concluded that caffeic acid has strong hypouricemic activity, systemic anti-inflammatory, antioxidant benefits and may be a safer bio-alternative for the treatment of gouty arthritis.
Serological Detection of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum and Mycoplasma Synoviae in Layer Chickens with Salpingitis.
Serious poultry infections including Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) & Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) can cause significant financial losses worldwide. Poultry production and health are negatively impacted by MG and MS infections. This study used Indirect ELISA to find out how common MG & MS infections were in layer hens. Between April 2025 and July 2025, 100 samples were taken from layer hens that had salpengitis. Of them, 60 salpengitis samples were positive by ELISA. MG antibodies were found in 47% and MS antibodies in 29% of the hens, and MG seroprevalence was considerably greater than MS .Additionally, Mycoplasma gallisepticum was detected alone in 31% of the hens, which was substantially higher than the MS infection rate of 13% and 16% of the chicks that had both MG & MS infections simultaneously. Commercial layers aged 40 weeks had the lowest infection rate (45.7%), while those aged 57 weeks had the highest infection rate. The age group of 55 weeks old had the highest percentage of MG infection (53.3%), whereas commercial layers aged 60 weeks had the highest prevalence of MS infection. These findings indicate that Mycoplasma gallisepticum MG antibodies are more common than MS, that MG is more common as a single infection than MS, and that the risk of infection rises with hen age.
Study of Some Heavy Metal Residues in the Meat of Local Geese in Different Areas of Kirkuk Governorate
Interest has recently increased in the quality of processed food in many countries of the world, concerning toxicological and environmental studies. To determine the level of heavy and toxic metals in food, as contamination with heavy elements is an important issue because several studies have been conducted on its cumulative effect on the food chain. The samples of experiment were collected from three areas in Kirkuk governorate (east, westwest and middlejwan , Cheman and Kirkuk (shoraw ) and for three parts of carcass (wing, thigh and breast) and three replicate of each one, To estimate the heavy metal for different goose parts in different places in shoraw . Significant differences were found between the places in the level of copper, but it was no significant among the carcass parts. Significant differences were found between the places in the level of lead, and also it was significant among the carcass parts. Significant differences were found between the places and the carcass parts in level of zinc and cadmium. It was concluded that the level of the heavyheavy metals,h studied were differ between the three places (Shoraw, Bajwan, and Cheman). Heavy metal concentrations in tissues were within WHO and Codex permissible limits, indicating no potential health risk. Also it wait differed significantlyeen the goose carcass parts.
Integrated Histological, Ultrastructural, and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Gastric Regions in the Domestic Cat, Felis catus
Background: The gastric mucosa of the domestic cat (Felis catus) demonstrates notable specialization associated with its carnivorous physiology, yet there are still few investigations integrating morphological, ultrastructural, and neuroendocrine features. This paper presents a detailed description of gastric morphology and function in adult domestic cats, focusing on the relationships between ultrastructural architecture and Chromogranin A-positive cell distribution. Aim of study: As there are very limited investigations on this species and it is one of the most common domestic carnivorous pets in Iraq, this study aims to characterize the gastric regions of adult domestic cats. Methods: Fourteen adult domestic cats of both sexes were examined. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of tissue samples were conducted for three main gastric regions using histology staining and Chromogranin A immunolabeling in seven cats. In another seven cats, samples were studied with SEM to reveal the ultrastructural characteristics. A semi-quantitative evaluation based on visual assessment of Chromogranin A-positive cell density was used to assess regional specificity. Result: It was shown that gastric mucosa in different regions had different mucosal thickness and different organization and composition of glands. Thus, mucosa in the cardiac region showed prominent mucous glands, while the fundic region contained well-developed tubular glands with an abundance of chief and parietal cells, indicating the important role of this region in enzymatic and acid secretions. The pyloric region demonstrated deep gastric pits, rich mucous glands, and a thick muscularis externa layer, which indicates high functional activity. Scanning electron microscopy of the fundic region revealed a characteristic honeycomb-like structure of gastric pits, while surfaces in the other two regions demonstrated lesser organization. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a predominance of Chromogranin A-positive cells in the fundic region, a smaller quantity in the cardiac region, and an absence or rarity of them in the pyloric region. Conclusion: The feline stomach shows considerable regional differences in morphology, ultrastructure, and neuroendocrine specialization. There is considerable variation in glandular arrangement, surface morphology, and presence of Chromogranin A positive cells in the fundus. These characteristics set up a functional basis that is essential for digestive function in the domestic cat and form a standard for comparison in other carnivores.
A Comparative Histological and Histochemical Study of the Parotid and Submandibular Glands in Adult Persian Cats (Felis catus) and Adult French Lop Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)
This study compares the histological and histochemical organization of the parotid and submandibular glands in adult Persian cats and adult French Lop rabbits. This study was carried out on 20 healthy adult animals, consisting of 10 Persian cats and 10 French Lop rabbits.The animals were divided into two equal groups for each species: 5 cats and 5 rabbits for histology and 5 cats and 5 rabbits for histochemistry. For histological study, the parotid salivary gland in both animals is solely serous in nature, and the duct system begins with the striated duct, excretory duct, and main duct. The submandibular gland in cats has more mucous acini, a moderate number of serous acini, and minimal mixed acini. The gland in rabbits was compact and contained more mucous, mixed, and a few pure serous glands. The duct system started with the striated duct, excretory duct, and the main duct. For histochemical study, the slides were stained with Harris hematoxylin & eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and AB-PAS. The parotid gland of the cat had only serous acini; the basement membrane and duct system gave a strong positive reaction to the AB–PAS stain. In the case of the rabbit, the secretory unit, basement membrane, and duct system had moderate to positive responses to PAS and weak to negative responses to AB. The submandibular gland of the cat has mixed acini that show a strong positive response to PAS and a very strong response to AB; the basement membrane, but not the duct system, has a strong response to PAS; the duct system, but not the basement membrane, has a positive response to AB. While in the French Lop, the gland with mixed acini and basement membrane gives a moderate positive reaction for PAS-AB, while the duct system only gives a moderate positive reaction for AB.
Postnatal Histological Changes of the Ovary in the Female Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
The present study demonstrated that the general histological architecture of both the right and left ovaries in rabbits at different ages (1 month, 7 months, and 1 year) was generally similar. The ovary consisted of two main regions: the cortex and the medulla. The cortex was covered by a thin connective tissue capsule lined with a germinal epithelium composed of simple cuboidal cells characterized by clear cytoplasm and vertically oriented club-shaped nuclei showing mitotic activity. Beneath the epithelium, the tunica albuginea was observed as a slim collagenous layer of dense irregular connective tissue. Primordial follicles were abundant in 1-month- and 7-month-old rabbits but decreased markedly in 1-year-old rabbits. Primary follicles were numerous in all age groups, whereas secondary follicles were fewer in 1-month-old rabbits and increased significantly in older animals. Tertiary follicles and numerous corpora lutea were mainly observed in 7-month- and 1-year-old rabbits, indicating increased reproductive activity with age. Histomorphometric analysis revealed age-related variations in ovarian structures. The thickness of the ovarian capsule and cortical layer increased with age, reaching the highest values in 1-year-old rabbits and the lowest in 1-month-old rabbits. In contrast, the medullary layer was thickest in the youngest group and thinnest in the 7-month-old rabbits. Follicular diameter also varied according to age; primary follicles were larger in 7-month-old rabbits, while secondary and mature follicles exhibited the greatest diameters in the oldest age group. These findings suggest that ovarian development and follicular maturation progress significantly with age, reflecting enhanced ovarian functional activity in mature rabbits.
The Effect of Vitamin E and Selenium, versus Equine Chorionic Gonadotro pin (eCG) on the Reproductive Performance of Synchronized Ewes as Mea sured by Ultrasonography
This study examined the effect of Vitamin E and Selenium, compared to equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), on the fertility of synchronized ewes as measured by ultrasonography. The objective of this study was to use ultrasound to assess the effects of Vitamin E and Selenium compared with those of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on the reproductive performance in synchronized ewes. The aim of the study was to increase fertility or the proportion of multiple pregnancies and to compare the effects of either hormonal (eCG) or nutritional supplementation (Vitamin E and Selenium) following estrus synchronization. We used 15 healthy adult ewes, aged 2-4 years. They were divided into three groups (5 ewes in each group). The ewes were synchronized using intracervical progesterone-impregnated sponges (Chronogest CR) for 14 days. Following sponge removal, ewes in the first group were used as untreated controls, ewes in the second group were given an intramuscular injection of 500 IU eCG, and ewes in the third group were given an intramuscular injection of 5 ml of Vitamin E and Selenium. Estrus response was evaluated 24-48 hours after sponges were removed, and pregnancy was diagnosed by transabdominal ultrasonography using a 3.5-7.5 MHz probe. It was found that the estrus response was 100% in all groups. The pregnancy, lambing, and fertility rates for the control group were 60%, with a multiple lambing rate of 20%. In the eCG-treated group, pregnancy, lambing, and fertility rates increased to 80%, with a multiple lambing rate of 60%. The best reproductive performance was observed in the group treated with Vitamin E and Selenium, where pregnancy, lambing, and fertility rates reached 100%, while the multiple lambing rate was 40%. Ultrasonographic examination also demonstrated a progressive increase in gestational sac size and uterine diameter during early pregnancy. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the use of Vitamin E and Selenium after estrus synchronization may enhance reproductive performance and improve pregnancy outcomes in ewes. Transabdominal ultrasonography was also found to be useful in early pregnancy diagnosis, as well as for tracking conceptus growth in ewes.
The Role of Women in Livestock Farming: Challenges and Opportunities
Women are actively involved in livestock farmingpractices in rural India. They have both emotional and economical association with livestock. Most women are engagedin care and management of livestock such as feeding, milking and cleaning of shed.Disposal and use ofwaste material and dung from the shed is also performed by the women. Their immense contribution in livestock farming provides financial independence and better social status. Their hard and dedicated works endow rural livelihood, and pledge food security. It ensures full time employment and dispenses woman empowerment in the society. Nevertheless,women frequently encounter obstaclesin livestock farming, affecting theproduction. Social customand gender-based discrimination render limited access to markets, veterinary care, education, financial freedom, and use of land. Limited decision making power of a woman appeared as a great hindrance in socio-economical and sustainable development of a country.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Haematological Parameters by Peppermint and Lemongrass Essential Oils in Lactating Crossbred Cows
This study evaluated the impact of dietary supplementation with peppermint and lemongrass essential oils (EOs) on various biochemical parameters in lactating dairy cattle over 90 days. The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Dairy Farm, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, and involved 18 animals divided into three groups. The control group (T0) animals received a basal diet, while in T1 group animals, concentrate was supplemented with 0.1% peppermint EO and T2 groups with 0.1% lemongrass EO. Blood samples were collected on day 0, and after 30, 60, and 90 days for the study of hematological and antioxidant parameters. Hematological parameters viz. Hb, TEC, PCV, eosinophil, monocyte, platelets, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, remained within normal ranges across all groups, with no significant differences observed. However, TLC and neutrophil concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) lower, and lymphocytes were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the lemongrass EO group (T2) compared to the control group (T0). Antioxidant analysis revealed that SOD levels were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in lemongrass EO group (T2), while LPO levels were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) lower in T2 compared to T0. Overall, the results suggested that lemongrass oil supplementation improves immunity and antioxidant status in dairy cattle without significantly affecting hematological parameters.
Copyright (c) 2024 Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management
Production performance and economics of Khaki Campbell ducks in the backyard system of rearing at the NICRA-adopted village in Darrang district of Assam
This research paper evaluates the production performance and economic viability of Khaki Campbell ducks in backyard farming systems at NICRA-adopted flood-prone village in the Darrang district of Assam. The study investigates key productivity metrics such as egg production rates, growth performance, and survival rates, alongside economic factors including input costs, labor requirements, and market returns. The integration of Khaki Campbell ducks, renowned for their high egg yield and resilience, is explored as a sustainable agricultural practice that aligns with the objectives of the National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project. Findings indicate that Khaki Campbell ducks perform well in backyard systems, with notable egg production and robust growth. The mean body weight at 30 weeks was 1.82±8.4 kg, and the average age at first egg was 163±4.3 days. Throughout the study period, the mean egg production was 185.5±5.1, and the mean mortality rate was 12.5%. Economically, the practice is viable with a B:C ratio of 2.07, showing favorable returns compared to the investment and labor involved. The research highlights the potential for these ducks to enhance household income and nutritional security, contributing to greater agricultural resilience against climate variability. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and rural development initiatives aiming to promote sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture in similar regions.
Impact of Milking Methods on the Productivity and Efficiency of Kankrej Cattle
The study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and productivity of hand milking versus machine milking methods in Kankrej cattle at the Livestock Research Station, Kamdhenu University, Gujarat. Twenty lactating cows were selected and divided into two groups to compare milking time, yield, and milk composition. Machine milking was found to be more efficient with significantly higher milk yield and reduced milking time while maintaining comparable milk quality parameters. These findings support the adoption of machine milking in Kankrej cattle for improved dairy farm efficiency.
Importance of mammary system conformation traits in selection of Jaffarabadi buffaloes for milk production
A study was carried out to know the relationship between variation in mammary system conformation traits and milk yield in Jaffarabadi buffaloes. 150 buffaloes selected from dairy farms located in and around Hyderabad were utilized for the study. Among udder shapes, bowl shaped udder was most common followed by globular, pendulous and goaty udder with 53.3%, 26.66%, 16% and 4%, respectively and cylindrical shaped teats was most common followed by conical, funnel, pear and bottle shapes with 48.0%, 22.66%, 13.33%, 10% and 6%, respectively. The average udder length, width and depth in buffaloes ranged from 62.64 ± 0.74 (globular udder) to 67.81 ± 1.03 cm (pendulous udder), 50.51 ± 0.35 (bowl udder) to 54.07 ± 1.35 cm (goaty udder) and 17.26 ± 0.27 cm (bowl udder) to 20.25 ± 0.74 cm (goaty udder), respectively. Positive and highly significant (P<0.01) phenotypic correlation observed among three udder biometrics, indicating their close inter-relation. The mean teat lengths recorded for left fore, right fore, left hind and right hind teats were 7.69 ± 0.10 cm, 7.79 ± 0.11cm, 8.63 ± 0.16 cm and 8.67 ± 0.16 cm, respectively. The mean teat diameter ranged from 3.09 ± 0.06 cm (globular udder) to 3.57 ± 0.31 cm (goaty udder). Teat diameter was highest in goaty udder followed by pendulous, bowl and globular shaped udders. The mean milk yield/day in Jaffarabadi buffaloes with different udder shapes recorded was 8.48 ± 0.11, 8.12 ± 0.16, 7.97 ± 0.14 and 7.82 ± 0.13 Kg in bowl, globular, pendulous and goaty udders, respectively. The mean milk yield/day in various teat shapes recorded were 8.61 ± 0.12, 8.33 ± 0.27, 8.23 ± 0.15, 8.08 ± 0.18 and 7.67 ± 0.13 Kg in cylindrical, bottle, funnel, pear and conical shaped teats, respectively. Positive and highly significant (P<0.01) correlation observed between mammary system conformation traits and milk yield. The study concludes that, Jaffarabadi buffaloes with bowl shaped udder and cylindrical shaped teats were found to give more milk, Hence, these udder conformation traits may be helpful in their selection for higher milk yields.
Feed intake and nutrient utilization in Sirohi, Marwari and Kutchi breeds of goat under intensive system of feeding management
Comparative feed intake and nutrient utilization were studied in adult bucks of Sirohi, Marwari and Kutchi breeds. The bucks were provided Cajanus cajan straw ad libitum as basal roughage, concentrate mixture 400 g/buck/day and green grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) one kg /buck/day as a supplement. The intake of DM, OM and CP were significantly less in Marwari bucks, whereas these values were similar between Sirohi and Kutchi. Total water intake /kg DM intake was similar in all the three breeds. Significantly (p<0.05) less water loss through faeces was observed in Marwari than Kutchi and Sirohi. The digestibility coefficient of different feed nutrients did not differ significantly among the breeds. However, Marwari bucks performed better in term of nutrients digestibility as compared to Sirohi and Kutchi. Despite wide variation in the morphological characteristics, negligible variation in voluntary feed intake and nutrient utilization were observed between the breeds, which confirm that all the three breeds were well adapted to the intensive system of feeding and management.
Effect of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on production economics of Vanaraja laying hens
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) on production economics of Vanaraja laying hens. One hundred twenty (120), Vanaraja laying hens of 24 weeks of age were selected at random and divided into four groups of 30 each with three replicates of 10 in each group in a complete randomized design. Four experimental diets were fed to birds in which T1 (control-antibiotic powder – oxytetracycline @ 50g/ quintal) and in rest of the 3 treatment groups T2, T3 and T4, the birds were fed with MLM at levels of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% of feed, respectively. The feed consumption per bird (kg), cost of feed per egg produced, egg production per bird, cost of feed per egg produced (Rs) for the experimental duration of 25-36 weeks was calculated. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the treatment groups in terms of production economic parameters during the entire period of experiment. All the birds gained body weight during the experimental period indicating that there was a positive energy balance. From the present study, it is concluded that MLM up to 1% level in the diet of Vanaraja laying hens was at par with the antibiotic supplementation without affecting the production economics.
Constraints faced by dairy farmers for adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices in Valsad district of Gujarat
A field survey was conducted in Valsad district of Southern Gujarat to identify various constraints perceived by dairy animal owners in adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices. Information was collected from randomly selected 240 dairy animal owners through personal interview with the help of structured interview schedule. The study revealed that high construction cost (96.25%) and lack of own capital (85.83%) were major constraints in housing practices. Lack of awareness about treatment of poor-quality straw to improve its nutritive value (75.42%), non-availability of green fodder round the year (70.42%) and lack of knowledge of balanced ration (60.83%) were major constraints in feeding practices. Low genetic potential of local animals (89.17%), repeat breeding problems in dairy animals (86.67%) and low conception rate through A.I. (60.42%) were major constraints in breeding practices. Non-remunerative price for milk (90.83%), lack of knowledge in clean milk production (88.75%) and high production cost of milk (83.75%) were major constraints in milking practices. High cost of veterinary medicine (82.50%), lack of awareness of deworming of milch animals (63.75%) and lack of awareness about importance of vaccination (60.83%) were major constraints in adoption of improved health care practices. Hence, better extension services along with development of suitable plan could mitigate the constraints faced by the dairy farmers.
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Effect of supplementation of Zinc oxide and Zinc methionine on mortality rates in piglets
Pig production occupies an important place in modern agriculture. Piglets are far less demanding on nutrients as compared to poultry. The experiment was conducted to know the effect of feeding organic and inorganic sources of additional zinc on growth incidences of gut microbial status in piglets. Sixty graded (Large White Yorkshire) suckling piglets were randomly divided into three treatment groups of twenty piglets each based on litter size, parity and live birth weight. Treatment I (T1) served as control and these piglets were fed with deionized water daily as oral suspension. Treatment II (T2) and Treatment III (T3) were fed with fed Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Zinc Methionine (ZnM) daily (50 ppm) as oral suspension. The results of the experiment showed that the incidence of mortality in control (T1), zinc oxide (T2) and zinc methionine (T3) groups were 10, 5 and 0 per cent, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between control (T1), zinc oxide (T2) and zinc methionine (T3) groups. Based on the results of the current experiment and the reports available, the importance of supplementation of zinc oxide at higher than the recommended dosage may be considered for maintaining the proper growth, health and production status of piglets.
ADOPTION LEVEL OF IMPROVED DAIRY HUSBANDRY PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS IN RURAL AREAS OF SURAT DISTRICT
The present study was conducted in the Surat district of Gujarat. Total 300 respondents were interviewed for the questionnaire prepared about improved dairy husbandry practices adopted by them and constraints in adoption of those practices. The findings indicated that majority of dairy farmers had medium adoption level on different component of improved dairy husbandry practices viz. 62.33% for housing, 65.33% for feeding, 57% for breeding, 62.34% for healthcare, 68.33% for milking management and 70% for calf rearing. The overall adoption levels of the respondents in improved dairy husbandry practices fall under low, medium and high categories are 9.33%, 75.34% and 15.33%, respectively. The adoption index of different aspect of improved dairy husbandry practices of housing, feeding, breeding, health care, milking and calf rearing were 44.97, 40.90, 64.98, 51.55, 50.60 and 50.85%, respectively and overall adoption index of improved dairy husbandry practices was 50.64% which indicated medium adoption level of dairy farmers in the study area. The majority of dairy farmers had high construction cost (94%), lack of own capital (64%), high cost of feed (97.33%), non-availability of green fodder round the year (85.33%), lack of awareness about treatment of poor quality straw to improve its nutritive value (68.67%), repeat breeding problems in dairy animals (88.67 %), non-remunerative price for milk (93.67%), lack of knowledge in clean milk production (71.33%), high cost of veterinary medicine (78.67%), problem of mastitis in dairy animals (71.33%) and inadequate knowledge of diseases and their control (67.33%) were major constraints in adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices.
A study on qualitative and quantitative morphometry of Khillar breed of Cattle.
Comparing and Evaluating the Effects of Suprelorin and Omega-3 on Male Rabbit Hormones
The goal of the current study was to examine how Omega-3 and Suprelorin affect the levels of testosterone, FSH, and ICSH. In this study, 20 male rabbits were given large doses of Omega-3 (9 ml) and Suprelorin (0.3 cc) to assess the impact of these substances on histology. The rabbits were divided into four groups: T1 stands for control, T2 for castration, T3 for omega-3, and T4 for supralorin. Blood samples were collected, and a hormonal assay was performed to measure the levels of FSH (IU\L), ICSH (IU\L), and testosterone in each plasma sample on 0, 15th, and 30th days. The testes were removed from the rabbits for histological analysis. In the T2 group, after bilateral castration, testosterone levels were considerably (p<0.05) lower 15 and 30 days later. In 30 days, the rabbits’ serum FSH (IU\L) levels were significantly lower (0.12 ±0.009) than those of the control group (2.10±0.46). In the T3 group, the highest dose of Omega-3 (9ml) was the only one that affected the rabbits’ testes more than the 15–30 days (0.025±0.0027 and 0.015±0.0012), significantly increasing the testosterone level in the control group (6.21±0.87). In the T4 group, testosterone levels in male rabbits treated with Deslorelin (Suprelorin) rose significantly (P<0.05) in the control group to 4.81±0.81 ng/dl, compared to 0.048±0.0073 and 0.037±0.0073 ng/dl after 15 and 30 days. We conclude that the single, slow-release implant containing 4.7 mg deslorelin permanently and reversibly inhibited the male rabbit’s sexual function. However, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can prevent increased testosterone levels, making them a potential contraceptive in rabbits.