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Centre for Advancement of Applied Sciences
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS OF Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) AND Cubaris murina Brandt, 1833 (Isopoda: Oniscidea) FROM THE NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA
Terrestrial isopods remain poorly documented in northern India. This study reports Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) and Cubaris murina Brandt, 1833 from Jammu and Kashmir, India. C. murina is recorded for the first time from the northern India, whereas P. pruinosus is reported for the first time from the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (India), extending its known distribution in the region. Species identification was based on detailed morphological examination, and the identity of P. pruinosus was further confirmed through mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, which demonstrated its close affinity with previously reported global populations. These findings expand the known distribution of terrestrial isopods in the North-Western Himalaya and provide baseline morphological and molecular data for future taxonomic and biodiversity studies.
FIELD EVALUATION OF BOTANICALS, SPINOSAD AND BAGGING AGAINSTMELONFRUITFLY[Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett)]INFESTATION IN BITTER GOURD
Melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), is one of the most destructive pests of bitter gourd causing substantial yield losses through larval feeding within developing fruits. The present study evaluated the efficacy of some selected botanicals, Spinosad 45 SC + jaggery, and fruit bagging for the management of melon fruit fly in bitter gourd under field conditions. Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2024 and 2025 in a randomized block design with three replications. Fruit infestation and marketable fruit yield were recorded and analysed on the basis of two years pooled data. Among all treatments, fruit bagging proved most effective, showing the lowest pooled mean fruit infestation (7.16%) and highest fruit yield (8.35 kg plot⁻¹). Spinosad 45 SC + jaggery proved the next best treatment, with 10.32% infestation and a yield of 8.07 kg plot⁻¹. Among botanicals, ginger powder (22.10%) and neem leaf extract (23.10%) were most effective, whereas parthenium extract depicted least efficacy (44.48%), close to the untreated control. In second spray enhanced suppression of fruit fly infestation was observed across the treatments. The study concluded that fruit bagging is an effective, eco-friendly and residue-free strategy for sustainable management of melon fruit fly in bitter gourd.
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF Dipsacus inermis-DERIVED BIOGENIC ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES: ANTIBACTERBIAL ACTIVITY AND CANCER CELL CYTOTOXICITY
Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts is a sustainable, low-cost, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional physico chemical methods. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized for the first time using the aqueous extract of underutilized medicinal herb Dipsacus inermis, rich in phytochemicals. The synthesized nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by UV-visspectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X ray diffraction to confirm nanoscale dimensions, crystalline ZnO structure, and phytochemical-mediated surface functionalization. The characterization studies revealed that the phytochemicals in the extract simultaneously acted as bio reducing and stabilizing agents and further confirmed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 37 nm anda crystalline ZnO structure. The synthesized ZnONPs were then evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies, which revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with respective inhibition zones reaching 9.1 ±0.2 and 8.9 ±0.1 mm at 500 μg mL-1. Anticancer potential was assessed on human breast cancer (MDA MB231) cells and cytocompatibility on human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells, which revealed potential anticancer activity with only 37% ± 1.01 cells viable at the highest test concentration of 100 μg mL-1 and showed no significant cytotoxicity to normal cells with more than 70% ± 3.6 cells viable at highest test concentration. These findings highlight the potential of D. inermis-mediated ZnONP as ecofriendly therapeutic agents with multifunctional properties, including antibacterial activity, emphasizing further biomedicalstudies.
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE RESILIENCE OF EGGPLANT GENOTYPES UNDER WATERLOGGING STRESS AT FLOWERING STAGE
Excess soil moisture and short-term waterlogging constrain vegetable production, particularly during reproductive stages requiring continuous assimilate supply for fruit development. Twelve contrasting eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes were evaluated for growth dynamics, reproductive performance, and yield under six days of waterlogging imposed at the flowering stage. Growth traits (leaf area, root and total dry weight, CGR, RGR, NAR), reproductive traits (flower drop, fruit set), and yield attributes (fruit number, average fruit weight, yield plant⁻¹) were assessed. Significant genotype × treatment interactions were observed for most of the parameters (p < 0.001) studied. Waterlogging significantly reduced vegetative growth and growth rate indices across the genotypes, though the magnitude varied considerably. Flower drop ranged from 13.38% to 61.41%, and fruit set from 20.59% to 75.57%. Genotype ‘S. undatum’ showed highest fruit set and lowest flower drop, followed by ‘Kamini Brinjal’ and ‘BRS-20’, while genotypes ‘Black Small’ and ‘BRS-2’ showed severe reproductive and yield losses. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between growth maintenance and reproductive stability (r = 0.76-0.94), confirming that sustained biomass accumulation and growth rate under stress directly support flower retention and fruit set. The study identified genotypes ‘S. undatum’, ‘Kamini Brinjal’, and ‘BRS-20’ as the promising, warranting further evaluation for waterlogging tolerance in eggplant breeding programs.
INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF GENOTYPIC PLASTICITY FOR ENHANCED PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)
Phosphorus (P) limitation is a major constraint in crop productivity, emphasizing the need for genetic improvement of phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) for sustainable agriculture. During 2024-25, thirty-three chickpea genotypes were evaluated under low and adequate P conditions to assess genotypic plasticity and identify the efficient genotypes using PUE index, principal component analysis (PCA), and multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI). The PUE index ranked genotypes across the contrasting P regimes, PCA summarized trait covariation to highlight efficient multivariate profiles, and MGIDI integrated multiple traits to estimate the distance from an ideal genotype. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant genotype, treatment, and their interaction effects. Under low P conditions, shoot phosphorus concentration declined by 45.6%, while phosphorus assimilation efficiency increased by 82.7%, and root dry weight by 62.7%, indicating adaptive biomass allocation to the roots. Strong positive trait associations were observed across both P regimes, with biomass and P traits varying co-ordinately. Across all the methods, genotypes IG 5860, Pusa 3022 (BG 3022), and PG 0515 consistently emerged as superior genotypes. Notably, no cultivar surpassed the efficient check IG 5860, reinforcing its value as a donor for PUE breeding. These convergent rankings validate the integrated approach as a reliable strategy for prioritizing chickpea genotypes under low P stress.
LIFE CYCLE DYNAMICS AND INVASIVE RISK OF Parthenium hysterophorus L. IN RICE ECOSYSTEM OF TEMPERATE KASHMIR
Parthenium hysterophorous, globally recognised as one of the most problematic invasive weed species, demonstrates remarkable adaptability across tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate environments. This study, the first of its kind from Kashmir valley, investigated the life cycle dynamics of P. hysterophorus within rice agroecosystem under temperate conditions. The population was characterized in relation to geographic distribution, prevailing weather conditions, soil properties, taxonomic features, and biometric parameters. Parthenium plants were observed at varied phenological stages, including seedling/rosette, branching and flowering phases. Morphological measurements revealed considerable variation in plant height (7 to 76 cm), leaf count (3 to 26 plant⁻¹), flower and bud production (0-230 plant⁻¹), and shoot fresh weight (6-58 g plant⁻¹). Several plants cut 15-45 cm aboveground regenerated successfully through lateral shoots and new leaves. The high variability in plant height, branching, flower production, and biomass was presumably due to the differences in phenological stages. The field observations indicated that seeds over-wintered under sub-zero temperatures and high soil moisture, germinated during late spring, and reached reproductive maturity by the end of October. Mature seeds exhibited 65% germination under laboratory conditions, confirming the successful completion of life cycle under temperate Kashmir conditions. The study highlights the invasive potential of parthenium to establish and proliferate within rice ecosystems of Kashmir, posing a serious threat to local cropping systems under changing climatic scenarios. Comprehensive surveillance, early detection, targeted eradication, and long-term monitoring are, therefore, essential to mitigate its spread in Kashmir.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF ADJUVANT AND SALINE SPRAY WATERS ON HERBICIDE BIOEFFICACY, WEED INDICES, AND CROP TOLERANCE IN RABI MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
Post-emergence herbicides play a vital role in weed control in maize; however, their efficacy is often influenced by the quality of spray fluid. In semi-arid regions like Telangana (India), groundwater is mildly alkaline to alkaline with pH in the range of 6.6 to 8.6. Due to the limited availability of quality water the farmers use ground waters for spraying herbicides. The dissolved salts, particularly calcium and magnesium ions, present in ground waters can antagonize active ingredients of herbicide, thereby reduce weed control efficiency. Therefore, a field study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of post emergence herbicides when applied using different saline waters as spray fluids in maize (Zea mays L.) during rabi 2020-21 at College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashankar Telangana Agricultural University, Hyderabad (India). The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with different combinations of saline waters, herbicides, and adjuvant treatments. The results divulged that tank mix application of halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g ha-1 + atrazine @ 0.5 kg ha-1 with C3S1 saline water along with ammonium sulphate @ 2% as adjuvant (H6W1) resulted in lower weed index (10.3) and higher herbicide efficiency index (1.78) , crop resistance index (6.73, and 7.07 at 30, and 60 DAS) and yield (5006 kg ha-1) of rabi maize compared to the other treatments of saline water without adjuvant next to tank mix application of halosulfuron methyl @ 67.5 g ha-1 + atrazine @ 0.5 kg ha-1 + ammonium sulphate @ 2% at 21 DAS with distilled water (H6W3) indicating that ammonium sulphate as an effective adjuvant in negotiating the impact of hard water cations and improving the herbicide efficacy when saline water is used for spray.
METABOLIC AND HORMONAL PROFILE ALTERATIONS IN INDIAN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME: A CROSS SECTIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) globally affects 8-20% of reproductive age women, with significant metabolic and hormonal implications. Comprehensive biochemical profiling studies in Indian women remain limited despite the condition's high prevalence in Indian population. This cross sectional study recruited 100 women aged 18-40 years from Malla Reddy Hospital, Hyderabad, India. Fifty women diagnosed with PCOS as per Rotterdam criteria were compared with 50 age-matched healthy controls. Fasting blood samples were analysed for glucose, lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL), and hormonal markers (testosterone, prolactin, T3, T4 and TSH). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and independent t-tests. All measured parameters showed significant differences betweenthe groups(p<0.01).WomenwithPCOSdemonstratedsevere metabolic dysfunction, as evidenced by highglucose levels(144.06 ±45.17 vs. 94.86 ± 9.12 mg dL-1), indicating hyperglycemia. Dyslipidemia was prominent, with total cholesterol elevated by 53% (222.52 ± 31.58 vs 145.66 ± 25.83 mg dL-1), triglycerides by 51% (157.18 ± 19.74 vs 103.84 ± 23.71 mg dL-1), and LDL by 52% (135.62 ± 23.46 vs 89.12 ± 13.23 mg dL-1). HDL was critically reduced by 43% (28.10 ± 12.76 vs 49.20 ± 6.70 mg dL-1). Hormonal analysis revealed hyper androgenism with testosterone levels 80% higher (72.14 ± 35.25 vs 40.10 ± 12.94 ng dL-1), and prolactin elevated by 139% (34.27 ± 21.83 vs 14.36 ± 5.09 ng mL-1). Majority of PCOS women (94%) metmet abolicsyndro mecriteria. Indian women with PCOS exhibit comprehensive metabolic syndrome characterized by severe dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hormonal imbalances. Early screening and integrated management approaches are urgently needed to prevent long-term cardiovascular and metabolic complications in the Indian population.
EXPLORING A DISSECTION-BASED GROSS ANATOMY OF CRANIAL NERVE ROOTS IN WATER BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)
Understanding the cranial nerve anatomy is essential for accurate neurological examination, and provides a framework for performing nerve blocks during surgical procedures. However, there is scarcity of information on the gross anatomy of cranial nerves in water buffalo, and this study was aimed to comprehensively explore the gross anatomy of cranial nerve roots in water buffalo brain. Forty adult buffalo heads were procured from local slaughter houses and their cranial nerve roots exposed using the ventral and lateral approaches. The findings revealed that the gross anatomy of buffalo cranial nerve roots closely resemble that of other ruminants. The intracranial course of cranial nerves innervating the orbital region was influenced by the location of their origin within the brain and their entry points into the cranial dura mater. Unlike vestibulocochlear and facial nerve, which appeared as solid cylindrical structures, the vagus group and hypoglossal nerves comprised of multiple rootlets. The hypoglossal nerve, in addition to its predominant root, presented a small root emerging out through an accessory foramen. Consistent with other ruminants, the vagus group originated from dorsolateral aspect of medulla and traversed through jugular foramen, cranial to the hypoglossal foramen. Based on this study the first five cranial nerves emerging from the brain stem are best visualised using ventrolateral approach, while the remaining cranial nerves are more effectively observed through ventral approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masuood Ahmad John, A R Choudhury, Andleeb Rafiq, Firdous A Dar, Mohd Yusuf Dar, Jasvinder Singh Sasan, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Tanzel Ul Islam Wani
FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY AND SOIL NUTRIENT DYNAMICS UNDER VARYING LEVELS OF FERTIGATION SCHEDULES IN COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) CULTIVATION ON ALFISOL
A field study was conducted to evaluate the fertilizer use efficiency, soil nutrient dynamics and yield of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) under different levels of fertigation. The study compared different nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) application rates and methods, including conventional soil application and drip fertigation with both water-soluble and normal fertilizers. The results demonstrated that fertigation treatments significantly influenced the soil nutrient levels. Specifically, the application of 125% of recommended fertilizer dose [RFD] (125:50:175 g plant-1 year-1) as water-soluble fertilizers through drip irrigation consistently resulted in highest soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents across the vegetative, flowering, pod set, and harvesting stages of crop growth. Available nitrogen and potassium contents showed a slight decrease with increasing soil depth (0- 15 cm to 30-45 cm). However, drip fertigation with water-soluble fertilizers maximized available phosphorus at 30-45 cm depth. The findings suggest that drip fertigation with water-soluble fertilizers at 125% RDF enhances soil nutrient availability and distribution, leading to improved nutrient use efficiency in cocoa cultivation. The study recommends the adoption of appropriate fertigation strategy for optimizing the soil fertility during cocoa production under Alfisol conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 A Ravanachandar, K Prakash, V Deepika, G Vaidehi, M Sudhakaran
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOREMEDIATION ASSESSMENT OF A LEAD-RESISTANT BACTERIUM-DERIVED FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE USING INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA OPTCAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
The environmental pollution due to the lead discharge from industrial effluent is a major concern owing to its non-biodegradable and toxic nature. The present study was aimed to isolate, screen, and molecularly characterize a lead resistant bacterium isolated from the industrial effluents in Pune (India). The study was conducted in the years 2022-2024. The effluent samples were analysed for physicochemical characteristics and lead concentrations, both before and after bioremediation treatment. The lead concentration in the samples was quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy during a lead reduction study over 48 h. Of the 30 bacterial isolates from the samples collected, five isolates viz., S1, S4, S8, S12 and S14 exhibited resistance up to 1000 ppm. Isolate S8 showed maximum lead reduction (14.80-6.78) in 48 h. Based on the morphobiochemical and molecular characterisation the isolate was identified as a Bacillus cereus (Accession No. PZ327497). The 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed using MEGA11 software. Further, the physicochemical parameters of industrial effluent such as BOD, COD, TSS, and TDS were considerably reduced after treatment. The study demonstrated that B. cereus strain S8 is a potential isolate for the bioremediation of lead polluted industrial effluent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarika Satish Kulkarni, Anil Panditrao Narsinge, Ruddhi Rajendra Jagtap, Gajanan Vishnu Mali
DEVELOPMENT AND STORAGE STABILITY OF LOW-CALORIE HILL LEMON AND GINGER READY-TO-SERVE (RTS) BEVERAGE
The growing consumer demand for healthier beverages has increased interest in functional drinks with enhanced nutritional benefits. The present study aimed to develop, standardize, and evaluate a low-calorie ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage combining hill lemon (Citrus pseudolimon Tan.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) juice blends as a refreshing antioxidant-rich drink. Fresh hill lemon fruits (447 g average weight, 42.7% juice yield, and 4.94% acidity) and ginger juice with high antioxidant activity (72%) but low TSS (3.1°Brix) were used. Three formulations were prepared using different ratios of hill lemon-ginger juice and sweeteners (sugar, sorbitol, honey, and stevia). The highest sensory acceptability was observed for the 85:15 juice ratio with a stevia: sugar (75:25) blend. Nutritional analysis showed that stevia-based formulations significantly reduced sugar content while maintaining antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid. FTIR analysis confirmed functional groups (O–H, C–H, and C–O) associated with key bioactive compounds. During 90 days of storage, acidity, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and sensory quality gradually declined, with glass bottles performing better than PET. Overall, the developed low-calorie hill lemon–ginger RTS beverage shows strong potential as a functional drink for health-conscious consumers and commercial applications.
GENOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN SEED NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND MICRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L.)
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is a nutritionally important pulse crop with strong potential to enhance dietary protein and mineral intake. A pot experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (India) during the summer season of 2023-24 to assess genotypic variability in quality traits and nutrient composition across ten cowpea genotypes. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Grain samples collected at harvest were analysed for protein, carbohydrate, nitrogen, potassium, and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu), along with Zn concentration in pods and the overall index of nutritional quality (OINQ), using standard procedures. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences were observed among genotypes for all parameters. Protein content was in the range of 18.0–23.5%, while seed Zn and Fe concentrations varied between 28.12 and 41.66 ppm, and 40.2 and 59.2 ppm, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations among protein, nitrogen, Zn, Fe, and Cu, suggesting coordinated accumulation of these traits, whereas carbohydrate content showed strong negative correlations, indicating a dilution effect. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 90.26% of total variance within the first three components, with PC1 representing a nutritional quality axis dominated by protein and micronutrients. Genotypes ‘Kashi Kanchan’ and ‘Cowpea-263’ consistently exhibited superior nutritional profiles and higher OINQ values. The study highlights the utility of multivariate approaches in identifying nutritionally superior cowpea genotypes and provide promising candidates for biofortification-oriented breeding under semi-arid Indian conditions.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO EXPERIMENTAL ANCYLOSTOMIASIS IN HEALTHY AND DIABETIC MURINE MODELS
Helminthic infections remain a significant global health concern, particularly in immunocompromised individuals where disease severity and tissue responses may be altered. Ancylostoma caninum infection, primarily a parasite of dogs, has widely been used as an experimental model to study host-parasite interactions due to its ability to induce systemic pathological changes. Moreover, metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus are known to modulate immune responses, potentially exacerbating infection outcomes. This study was aimed to elucidate the tissue-specific histopathological responses following experimental infection with A. caninum in both healthy and diabetic Wistar rats. A total of 108 rats were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 18 per group). Groups I and II served as healthy and diabetic controls, respectively. Experimental infection was performed using L3 larvae of A. caninum administered either orally (200 larvae rat-1) or percutaneously (1000 larvae rat-1) based on group designations. Histopathological assessments of lung, liver, skeletal muscle, and brain tissues were conducted on six randomly selected rats from each group on days 15, 30, and 45 post-infections. No significant lesions were observed in groups I, II, V, and VI. In contrast, group III and IV (orally infected healthy and diabetic rats, respectively) exhibited pronounced pathological changes, with severe manifestations in diabetic animals. These findings highlight the exacerbated tissue responses associated with hyperglycemia in helminthic infections and provide insights into the pathogenesis of ancylostomiasis in immunocompromised hosts.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF Ampelomyces quisqualis AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW (Golovinomyces cichoracearum) IN SUNFLOWER
Powdery mildew is a common disease in sunflower ecosystems, particularly during the flowering stage, and is caused by the obligate pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum (G. ambrosiae). The disease produces powdery growth on leaves, petioles, and flowers, leading to significant seed and oil yield losses. In present study, a mixed population of G. cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthii was observed, with G. cichoracearum being predominant. To manage powdery mildew, twenty-one naturally occurring mycoparasitic fungi were isolated from different host plants. Based on culturo-morphological characteristics, ten isolates resembling Ampelomyces spp. were selected for further study. Under laboratory conditions, these isolates produced pycnidia within 7 days. Molecular characterization using ITS (18S and 28S rDNA regions) revealed genetic diversity among the isolates. Pycnidiospore concentration of 10⁸ spores mL⁻¹ effectively parasitized the conidia and conidiophores of G. cichoracearum in vitro. Among the isolates, HP 003 (A. quisqualis AQ 003; NCBI accession ON502948) showed superior pycnidial production and faster mycelial growth, resulting in reduced disease severity under field conditions. The mycoparasitic activity was associated with the production of hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites. GC-MS analysis identified 39 compounds, including 2-methylfuran and 3-pentanol, which are implicated in metabolic pathways and plant defense responses. These findings highlight the potential of A. quisqualis AQ 003 as an eco-friendly biocontrol agent against powdery mildew disease in sunflower crop.
EFFICACY OF Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher WITH CHEMICAL ACARICIDES AGAINST Tetranychus urticae Koch. ON OKRA UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Okra cultivated during summer season is highly susceptible to mite infestation. These mites thrive in hot and dry conditions, leading to severe damage to the crop. Therefore, proper monitoring and timely management practices are essential to control mite infestation in summer-grown okra. A field experiment was conducted at College Farm, NAU, Navsari (India) from February to May 2021 in a randomized block design with eight treatments including a control so as to evaluate the efficacy of various acaricides against the spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae infesting okra in field condition. The results revealed that all the test acaricides were significantly superior over untreated control in checking the spider mite population. Among the acaricides, fenazaquin 10 EC @ 2.5 mL L-1 was most effective and gave 78.4% control of spider mite, which was at par with spiromesifen 240 SC @ 0.8 mL L-1(76.73%) and propargite 57 EC @ 2 mL L-1(76.62%), which were best, with higher mite mortality in okra. Fenpyroximate 5 EC @ 1 mL L-1(62.22%) and diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1 mL L-1(51.24%) were positioned in the next order, while the lowest mite mortality was observed in hexythiazox 5.45 EC @ 1 mL L-1(39.72%) and Hirsutella thompsonii @ 4 g mL-1(25.69%).
TRIPOLAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AS A POTENTIAL MODULATOR OF METABOLIC AND HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILES IN MICE
Elevated blood cholesterol and glucose levels are common conditions among the elderly, often requiring continuous pharmacological intervention. To explore alternative approaches, the present study investigated the effects of alternating electrical simulation on these parameters, as well as on hemoglobin concentration and blood viscosity, using mice as experimental subjects. Treatment were applied at voltages ranging from 0 to 2.0 V, with a frequency of 500 kHz, for durations of 3 or 5 min day-1 over a 5-day period. The results revealed that electric stimulation at 2.0 V for 5 min reduced cholesterol levels by 7.53-9.0% and glucose levels by 28.41%, while hemoglobin levels tended to increase without a consistent pattern. Blood viscosity decreased under stimulation at 1.0 and 1.5 V but increased at 2.0 V, indicating a voltage dependent response. In conclusion, electrical stimulation effectively lowered cholesterol and glucose levels in mice; however, its effects on hemoglobin and blood viscosity were non-linear, thus suggesting the need for further studies to optimize treatment parameters.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SPAWN GRAINS AND LOCALLY AVAILABLE SUBSTRATES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF Pleurotus eous (Berk) Sacc.
Pleurotus eous (pink oyster mushroom) is an important edible mushroom known for its high nutritional value and ability to grow on lignocellulosic agro residues. However, successful cultivation largely depends on the selection of suitable spawn substrates. The present study was aimed to evaluate different grain substrates for spawn production, standardize spawn dose, and identify suitable locally available substrates for cultivation of P. eous. The experiment was conducted during 2020-2022 at the Mushroom Research Laboratory, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur (India), using six grain substrates viz., wheat (Triticum aestivum), paddy (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), bajra (Pennisetum glaucum), and jowar (Sorghum bicolor), and several lignocellulosic substrates. Among the spawn grains, bajra recorded maximum linear mycelial growth (91.58 mm), highest growth rate (9.62 mm day⁻¹), and minimum spawn run period (9.33 days). Maize grain gave the highest mushroom yield (2134 g kg⁻¹ dry substrate) with biological efficiency of 213.40%. Standardization of spawn dose revealed that 3% spawn rate resulted in shortest spawn run, earliest primordia formation, and highest yield (1850 g kg⁻¹). Among locally available substrates, paddy straw gave highest yield (2803 g kg⁻¹ dry substrate) with biological efficiency of 280.3%). The study concludes that maize grain spawn with 3% spawn dose and paddy straw substrate provides an efficient and cost-effective cultivation strategy for P. eous.
OCCURRENCE AND STATUS OF POWDERY MILDEW DISEASE ON MAJOR TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS IN NORTH-WESTERN HIMALAYAN STATE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR (INDIA)
Powdery mildew disease adversely affects almost all the major temperate fruit crops leading to huge economic losses. An assessment of powdery mildew disease in important temperate fruit crops of the North-Western Himalayan region of India was conducted during 2021 and 2022. Surveys were conducted in three major districts of Kashmir valley - Srinagar, Pulwama, and Ganderbal - during peak periods conducive to disease development. The disease incidence and intensity recorded in these districts across the key crops revealed moderate to severe infection in apple, pear, quince, grape, and plum, while peach, apricot, walnut, and almond exhibited comparatively lower levels. Quince showed the highest average disease incidence (29.68%) and intensity (24.52%), followed by pear (14.40% and 11.05%), plum (16.39% and 10.76%), grape (12.75% and 8.55%), apricot (9.49 and 7.36%) and apple (8.71% and 5.84%, respectively). In contrast, walnut (3.73% and 2.26%), almond (3.52% and 2.38%) and peach (4.38% and 3.83%) recorded the lowest values. These findings highlight the crop-specific susceptibility pattern and underscore the need for targeted diseasemanagementstrategiesto mitigate the disease pressure, safeguard yield, and ensure sound crop health and sustainable fruit production.
BIOLOGY, MORPHOMETRY, AND REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF MELON FRUIT FLY (Zeugodacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT) ON BITTER GOURD
The melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major pest of cucurbits, is responsible for severe yield losses as well as trade restrictions due to its quarantine importance. The present study examined the biology, morphometry, and reproductive potential of Z. cucurbitae on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) during two consecutive Kharif seasons (2023 and 2024) at OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (East & South Eastern Coastal Plain Zone) and ICAR-IIVR, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (Middle Gangetic Plains), respectively. Laboratory-reared populations were assessed for developmental duration across the life stages, their morphometric traits, adult longevity, female fecundity, and male: female ratio. Minor spatial variations in the developmental dynamics of Z. cucurbitae was attributable to differences in populations established from maggots collected from infested fruits in Bhubaneswar and Varanasi. At Bhubaneswar, the fruit fly had a total life span of 37.45 ± 3.05 days in males and 41.30 ± 2.32 days in females, whereas at Varanasi the life span lasted for 40.90 ± 1.84 days in males and 45.55 ± 3.06 days in females. The durations of embryonic, maggot, and pupal stages also showed minor locational variation between the two populations. Morphometric parameters, including egg, maggot, pupal dimensions and adult measurements (length and width) exhibited minor variation between locations, with females consistently larger than males. High fecundity (78-81 eggs female-1) and a slightly male-biased sex ratio (1.15-1.24:1) were observed at both the locations. The study demonstrated population-level developmental variability and phenotypic plasticity in Z. cucurbitae even under uniform laboratory conditions.
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF SAFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) FLOWER EXTRACT-BASED NATURAL ANTIFREEZE SPRAY AGAINST FREEZING INJURY IN COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) TISSUES
Late spring frost is major abiotic stress factor causing significant yield losses in vegetable and fruit crops. Low temperatures induce intracellular ice formation, leading to the membrane damage, increased electrolyte leakage, and reduced tissue viability. Therefore, developing ecofriendly strategies to mitigate frost injury are essential. In this study, a natural antifreeze spray was developed using glycerol and sorbitol as osmoprotectants, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) flower-extract as a natural antioxidant source, and sodium alginate as a film-forming biopolymer. The protective effect of the formulation was evaluated in buds, flowers, and young fruit tissues of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under three temperature conditions (22-24°C, -4°C, and -10°C). Results revealed that the antifreeze treatment significantly improved tissue viability and reduced freezing-induced damage. At -10°C, cellular damage in seed tissues decreased from 82.8% to 30.0%, representing approximately 52% reduction in cell damage. Electrolyte leakage was also reduced from 97.3% to 75.0%, indicating enhanced membrane stability. Overall, the developed formulation effectively mitigated freezing damage and unveiled potential to protect cold-sensitive crops.
IDENTIFICATION OF COSMOSIIN AS A BIOACTIVE FLAVONOID IN Memecylon randerianum S.M. Almeida & M.R. Almeida: INSIGHTS INTO ITS ANTICANCER POTENTIAL
The phytopharmaceutical industry increasingly employs advanced medicinal chemistry tools, including molecular docking, to facilitate the rational design and development of effective therapeutics against complex diseases such as cancer. In the present study, the anticancer potential of phytoconstituents from Memecylon randerianum was evaluated against Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumour cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the plant extract was further assessed using HeLa cervical cancer cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and L929 fibroblast cell lines through the MTT assay. High-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HR LCMS) analysis was performed to identify the chemical constituents present in the leaf extract. An in silico approach was subsequently employed to validate the pharmacological relevance and bioactivity of the identified compounds. Cosmosiin emerged as the predominant phytoconstituent in M. randerianum leaves. The ADMET characteristics of cosmosiin were predicted and analysed using the pkCSM and SwissADME tools. Protein-ligand interactions were visualised through two-dimensional diagrams generated using LigPlot+. The findings suggest that the cytotoxic effects exhibited by M. randerianum against cancer cell lines may be attributed to the presence of bioactive flavonoid, cosmosiin, highlighting its potential as a promising source for the development of novel anticancer drug leads.
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVARS AND DRYING METHODS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF AMBIENT STORED GREEN CHILLI POWDER
Dehydration of green chillies is a highly effective preservation technique that reduces moisture content, enhances storability, and ensures year-round availability, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This study evaluated the influence of three cultivars namely ‘Beldanga’, ‘Bidhan Chilli-4’, and ‘Bullet’ on the physicochemical and functional properties of green chilli powder (GCP) produced using different drying methods under ambient storage conditions (21-39°C and 42–93% relative humidity). The drying treatments included: sun drying for 8 ± 1 days; hot air drying at 60°C for 48 ± 1 h; osmotic treatment in 30% salt solution for 120 min followed by hot air drying at 60°C for 30 ± 1 h; and osmotic treatments in 30% salt: sugar (3:1) and 30% salt: vinegar (3:1) solutions, each followed by hot air drying at 60°C for 30 ± 1 h. The results showed GCP had low moisture content (9.50%), low bulk density (470 kg m⁻³), relatively high tapped density (690 kg m⁻³), and poor flowability (Carr index: 28.78%), depicting a compact and highly compressible powder structure. These properties remained stable even after 180 days of ambient storage. Among the cultivars, ‘Bidhan Chilli-4’ demonstrated superior quality attributes. Hot air drying proved most effective processing method, followed by osmotic pre-treatment combined with hot air drying using salt + sugar (3:1) and salt + vinegar (3:1) solutions. Overall, the findings emphasize that careful cultivar selection and optimized drying techniques are critical for preserving the quality and nutritional value of GCP during extended storage.
HEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND APOPTOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR DYE USE IN JORDANIAN WOMEN
Many people both male and female use hair dye to change their hair colour, but theses dyes induce several deteriorating effects like DNA damage, apoptosis and cancers. This study investigated the association of hair dye use and hematological alterations, oxidative damage, and cell death by measuring blood indices and genes expression involved in DNA damage and repair, and apoptotic pathways (XRCC1, p53, cytochrome C, and caspase-9) in women. A total of 50 women, comprising of 25 regular hair dye users and 25 age-matched controls, were enrolled in this case-control study and venous blood samples were collected to evaluate hematological indices and oxidative stress biomarkers (TAC and MDA). Gene expression levels of DNA damage and repair markers (XRCC1 and p53) and apoptosis-related markers (Caspase-9 and Cytochrome C) were quantified in peripheral blood lymphocytes using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Our findings showed that both Hb levels and RBC count were significantly reduced in hair-dyed group, along with significant elevation in WBC count suggesting the inflammatory response against the chemicals used in hair dyes. In terms of oxidative damage, total antioxidant capacity was significantly depleted along with significant rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) and Caspase-3 levels in women using hair-dyes suggesting the oxidative stress and cell apoptosis mediated by hair dyes. The increased expression of XRCC1, p53, Caspase-9, and cytochrome C further substantiated the opinion that hair dye chemicals induce DNA damage and apoptosis. The findings emphasise on the need for more long-term monitoring of the impacts of exposure to hair colour and raise alarms on the risk of prolonged use of hair dyes.
BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS AND CHARCTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM Vitex leucoxylon BARK EXTRACT AND ITS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Phytsyhthesized nanoparticles from different medicinal plants are currently exploited for large scale biomedical applications. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by using the aqueous extract of Vitex leucoxylon bark and its properties evaluated by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and XRD analysis. Also, the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties of biosynthesized AgNPs were assessed using standard methods. A characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 435 nm, observed in UV visible spectrum, confirmed the formation of V. leucoxylon bark aqueous extract-based AgNPs (Vl-AgNP). The peaks in FTIR analysis showed the presence of several organic constituents that acted as capping and reducing substances. XRD measurements confirmed that Vl-AgNPs were crystalline face-centred cubic structures. DLS analysis of synthesized AgNPs showed a mean hydrodynamic diameter of 177.6 nm with low polydispersity (0.090) and high colloidal stability (−82.8 mV). SEM-EDX analysis showed it to be uniformly distributed Vl-AgNP, while TEM analysis revealed spherical nanoparticles of 50 to 64 nm size. The Vl-AgNPs demonstrated substantial anti-bacterial activity towards human pathogenic bacteria and strong antioxidant activity in dose-dependent manner with maximum inhibition against Escherichia coli. Antioxidant activity showed dose-dependent radical scavenging activity, reaching 77.42 ± 1.25% in DPPH assay at 100 µg mL-1, while FRAP analysis demonstrated moderate reducing power. In vitro cyto toxicity studies using the MTT assay revealed dose-dependent inhibition of HeLa cellsline with an IC₅₀ value of 74.38 µg mL-1. These findings confirm the notable bioactivity of Vl-AgNPs, highlighting their potential biomedical applications.
MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND GRADING OF HIP OSTEO ARTHRITIS USING DIFFERENT DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN DOGS
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of synovial joints. Hip is the most often afflicted joint in dogs, which makes them reluctant to walk and engage in daily activities. The present study was aimed to assess the morphological changes in osteoarthritic hip joint using radiography and computed tomography. The study was conducted on 30 dogs divided into 3 groups. Group I and II comprised of 6 young (3-5 months) and 6 adult (> 12 months age) indigenous non-lame dogs, respectively, as control. The group III comprised of 18 clinical cases of dog with hip osteoarthritis. Highest distribution of hip osteoarthritis was recorded in Labrador breed of dogs with male dogs being more frequently affected (83.33%) than females. Group II exhibited a significantly reduced joint space (0.09 ± 0.01) as compared to group I (0.19 ± 0.02). Radiographic observation of group III showed coxofemoral luxation and alterations in normal architecture of femoral head, trochanter and acetabulum due to osteophytes formation. Radiographic scoring and categorization of hip osteoarthritis revealed maximum cases (12) of severe osteoarthritis. Computed tomography scan revealed specific lesions of bony changes including presence of minor osteophytes and variation in bone density (Hounsfield unit) in osteoarthritic hip joints compared to normal joints.
DEXMEDETOMIDINE VS ACEPROMAZINE AS PRE-ANAESTHETIC AGENTS IN ASA III DOGS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY USING PROPOFOL INDUCTION AND ISOFLURANE MAINTENANCE
Balanced general anaesthesia is pre-requisite for surgical interventions in dogs. The present study was aimed to compare dexmedetomidine and acepromazine premedication in combination with butorphanol and glycopyrrolate in propofol-anesthetised and isoflurane-maintained ASA III dogs. A randomised clinical study was done on 21 dogs. Group 1 included 9 dogs pre-anesthetised with butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) + dexmedetomidine (10 µg kg1) + glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg kg-1) combination, while group 2 included 12 dogs pre anesthetised with butorphanol (0.2 mg kg-1) + acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1) + glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg kg-1) combination, intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2-4 mg kg-1, intravenous, and was maintained with isoflurane mixed in 100% oxygen. Heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, blood pressure, oxygen supplementation, isoflurane requirement and end tidal CO2 were noted every 10 min. Post-induction apnoea was common in group 1. The oxygen flow rate and isoflurane requirements were high in group 2 throughout the surgery. Significant bradycardia was recorded after premedication in both the groups, which was more profound in group 1. Group 2 showed tachycardia after induction with propofol. The blood pressure increased significantly post-induction in group 1, while group 2 showed sustained hypotension. The recovery was faster in group 1, although the quality of recovery was similar in both the groups. In conclusions, dexmedetomidine (10 µg kg-1) produced profound sedation and faster recovery than acepromazine in ASA III dogs. Both the combinations were safe for ASA III dogs however, with prominent cardiovascular effect of drugs recorded in ASA III dogs, a reduction in dose or change in protocol (induction agent) is recommended.
NANOENCAPSULATION OF LEMONGRASS OIL AS A NOVEL STRATEGY TO COMBAT ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has necessitated to formulate alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of lemongrass oil (LGO) nanoencapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles against MDR Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) and Escherichia coli (MDREC). Ionic gelation technique was used to synthesise lemongrass oil loaded chitosan nanoparticles which were further characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV-Visible spectrophotometry, and FTIR analysis. A significant increase in particle size from 168.7 nm for plain chitosan nanoparticles to 318.7 nm following LGO encapsulation, with acceptable polydispersity was observed through DLS, while FESEM confirmed spherical nanoparticles with smooth surfaces and sizes ranging from 50 to 150 nm. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity range was 41.7-91.17 and 21.36-74.36%, respectively, with maximum values observed at a 1:1 chitosan-to-LGO ratio. Nanoencapsulation significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity, with LGO-loaded nanoparticles exhibiting lower MIC values as compared to the free LGO against MDRSA (0.052% vs 0.125%) and MDREC (0.0104% vs 0.25%). Similarly, reduced MBC values were observed for the nanoformulation. These findings demonstrate that chitosan-based nanoencapsulation significantly improves the antibacterial efficacy of lemongrass oil against MDR pathogens.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NOVEL INDEL MARKERS LINKED TO LOW LIGHT TOLERANCE TRAITS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) USING F2 MAPPING POPULATION
Light intensity is a key factor affecting the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativaL.). Thisstudy evaluated 200 F2 progenies from a ‘GAR-2 × Danteshwari’ cross under 30% shading at ICAR-NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya (India) to assess low light tolerance. The experiment was conducted in an augmented design with six standard checks (Swarnaprabha, IR8, Shah Sarang, Swarna, GAR-2, and Danteshwari), and the data was recorded for 10 agronomic traits related to growth and yield parameters. Phenotypic variability, heritability, and genetic advance were estimated, followed by marker polymorphism and marker-trait association analysis using known SSR markers and newly developed InDel markers. Significant variations were observed in seed yield plant-1(SYPP) (p ≤ 0.05) and traits such as plant height (PH), days to flowering (DTF), days to maturity (DTM), days to harvest (DTH), number of tillers (NOT), number of effective tillers (NOET), spikelet fertility (SF), biomass (BIO), and 100-seed weight (HSW) (p ≤ 0.01). High heritability and genetic advance for DTH, DTM, HSW, NOT, PH, and SF indicated additive gene action. Marker analysis revealed polymorphisms in four markers: ‘LLG4-1’, ‘LLG4- 2’, ‘HvSSR02-44’, and ‘HvSSR09-45’. Marker-trait association identified ‘HvSSR09-45’ to be significantly associated with seven traits (NOT, PH, DTF, DTM, DTH, BIO, & HSW), HvSSR02-44 with 2 traits (PH & HSW), and ‘LLG4-1’ with single trait (SYPP). These markers can be effectively utilized in marker-assisted selection in developing low light-tolerant rice varieties.
MONITORING IRON TOXICITY-MEDIATED ORGAN DAMAGE IN β-THALASSEMIA MAJOR PATIENTS: ROLE OF HEPCIDIN AND FERRITIN
Post-transfusion iron toxicity in β-thalassemia major can lead to organ damage, which may include injury to the liver and kidneys. Monitoring the iron levels through hepcidin is crucial for patients due to thalassemia. This study was aimed to assess correlation between serum ferritin and hepcidin, and evaluate their role in tracking iron availability following frequent transfusions in these patients. Thirty subjects (19 males and 11 females) suffering β-thalassemia were chosen at Brainware Diagnostic & Research Center, Kolkata, West Bengal (India) against 15 normal individuals. The medical records of patients were examined by using standard criteria. Hematological parameters were recorded, and biochemical assessment was done for serum ferritin, hepcidin, TIBC, LFT, and RFT. The results showed lower RBC indices and notably higher serum ferritin and hepcidin levels in thalassemic patients than in controls. ALP, AST, and ALT levels in patients were 79.03 ± 10.82, 67.12 ± 11.13, and 253.18 ± 22.01 IU L-1, respectively. Significantly (p<0.001) higher levels of creatinine were found in β thalassemia patients than in control. The study revealed a positive correlation between ferritin and hepcidin as well as LFT parameters. Hepcidin was found to be positively correlated with creatinine. Hence, assessing hepcidin and ferritin concentrations is an important marker for identifying a heightened risk for renal and hepatic toxicity in patients diagnosed with β-thalassemia major.